<rss version="2.0" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:trackback="http://madskills.com/public/xml/rss/module/trackback/" xmlns:wfw="http://wellformedweb.org/CommentAPI/" xmlns:slash="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/slash/"><channel><title>lostpencil--顺天者昌，逆天者亡</title><link>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/</link><description>既生亮，何生瑜</description><managingEditor>lostpencil</managingEditor><dc:language>zh-CHS</dc:language><generator>.Text Version 0.958.2004.214</generator><item><dc:creator>lostpencil</dc:creator><title>马尔可夫决策</title><link>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/archive/2008/09/28/35154.html</link><pubDate>Sat, 27 Sep 2008 17:19:00 GMT</pubDate><guid>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/archive/2008/09/28/35154.html</guid><wfw:comment>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/comments/35154.html</wfw:comment><comments>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/archive/2008/09/28/35154.html#Feedback</comments><slash:comments>1</slash:comments><wfw:commentRss>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/comments/commentRss/35154.html</wfw:commentRss><trackback:ping>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/services/trackbacks/35154.html</trackback:ping><description>&lt;P class=a style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;一个偶尔的机会接触到了MDP，马尔可夫决策过程，突然发现多年的困惑有点头绪了，分享一段东西。&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;以下东西摘自某博士论文部分（若有版权问题请及时告知）：&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;以哲学观点来看，人类来到世间至少有三件事要做：认识世界；改造世界；享受世界。&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
&lt;P class=a style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;在这其中，学习类问题对应认识世界，而决策类问题便是和改造世界紧密相关的。决策问题伴随着人们的日常生活，大至公司乃至国家的战略性决定，小至个人利益相关的一些选择。&amp;#8216;决策&amp;#8217;又区别于简单的&amp;#8216;决定&amp;#8217;以及&amp;#8216;选择&amp;#8217;。它通常涉及的是一个过程，其最终对应的行动的执行一般是多步的。在每一步，都要去做一个选择。不同的选择，不同的行动，导致不同的结果，进而也意味着不同的收益。决策不能孤立的进行，若不考虑现在与将来的联系，很难在整个过程中获得最好的收益，就如同在一次长跑比赛中，我们不能在起点就用尽全力冲刺一样。事实上，决策问题与人们的社会生活的联系是如此密切，可以说，一切社会实践活动都离不开决策，甚至，从辨证的观点看，若是把主观世界也当作客观世界的一部份，那么学习本身也是一个改造世界的过程，其过程也一样讲究策略，我们改造就是自己罢了。&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
&lt;P class=a style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;对于智能体而言，当其面对客观世界中存在的一个待解决的问题时，首先，他的学习能力使其在主观世界中获得了对该问题的一个抽象的描述，对应为问题的模型，这其中通常包括：&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
&lt;P class=a style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 21.0pt"&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"&gt;&lt;SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"&gt;&amp;#168;&lt;SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;问题所有可能的状态，&lt;/SPAN&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
&lt;P class=a style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 21.0pt"&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"&gt;&lt;SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"&gt;&amp;#168;&lt;SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;问题发展过程的演变规律，&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
&lt;P class=a style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 21.0pt"&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"&gt;&lt;SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"&gt;&amp;#168;&lt;SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;智能体在过程中可以做出的选择，&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
&lt;P class=a style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 21.0pt"&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"&gt;&lt;SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"&gt;&amp;#168;&lt;SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;智能体所期望的结果等。&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
&lt;P class=a style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 0"&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;事实上，这就是&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt;MDP&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;模型的基本构成部分，&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
&lt;P class=a style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;而所谓的智能体进行决策，也就是指智能体在此模型的基础上，基于问题过程的规律进行规划，利用智能体可行的选择参与改变过程，使其朝自身期望的结果发展，最终解决问题。总的来说，决策基于问题的模型再结合规划的方法两部分完成。在人工智能领域，马尔可夫决策过程是用来建模规划问题的一个基本理论模型。以其为基础，进一步发展出一系列更具一般性的决策模型，如部分可观察马尔可夫决策过程，分布式马尔可夫决策过程，部分可观察的随机博弈及半马尔可夫决策过程等等。&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
&lt;P class=a style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt;&lt;?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
&lt;P class=a style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;决策总是与一个过程相联系的（当然，从广义上来看，过程可以只有一步）。智能体要在过程中做出合适的选择，将过程的发展引入对自身有利的方向，必然需要了解描述过程发展变化的知识。相对于穷举所有变化，如果某些知识，不止一次可被用来推断过程发展，即为规律。主体更需要就是这种精简的知识。&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
&lt;P class=a style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;马尔可夫过程正是具有一类普遍共性的过程。这类共性既是马尔可夫性，也称无后效性。由俄罗斯数学家马尔可夫于&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt;1907&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;提出。所谓无后效性，指的是这样一种性质：某阶段的状态一旦确定，则此后过程的演变不再受此前各状态的影响。也就是说，&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt;&amp;#8220;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;未来与过去无关&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt;&amp;#8221;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;，当前的状态是此前历史的一个完整总结，此前的历史只能通过当前的状态去影响过程未来的演变。具体地说，如果一个问题被划分各个阶段之后，阶段&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt; I &lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;中的状态只能通过状态转移方程去影响阶段&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt; I+1 &lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;中的状态的得来，与其他状态没有关系，特别是与未发生的状态没有关系，这就是无后效性。从更本质的的角度来理论，可以认为马尔可夫性来源于对因果性和时间的连续性以及单向性的认可。&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
&lt;P class=a style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;马尔可夫性用来描述过程的规律类似数学中使用递推公式描述数列一样，并且特点是递推式只用到了前面一项。做为区别，比如著名的斐波拉契&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt;(Fibonacci)&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;数列，&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt;1&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;，&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt;1&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;，&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt;2&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;，&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt;3&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;，&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt;5&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;&amp;#8230;&amp;#8230;的递推公式&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt;F(n)=F(n-1)+F(n-2)&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;就用到了前面的两项。假设我们构造一个过程，逐次去读取数列中的每一项，任何一个时刻的状态便是读取到的数字。那么，斐波拉契数列对应的便不是一个马尔可夫过程。描述规律的方式很多，把握&amp;#8220;当前的状态是此前历史的一个完整总结&amp;#8221;这一要点后，很多过程可以被转化描述为马尔可夫过程。当然，前提是，可以做到当前状态完整总结历史这点。但事实上完美总是相对而言的，从后面不确定性的讨论也可以看到。从这个角度来说，马尔可夫过程是一个很实用的理论。在马尔可夫过程上做决策的好处显而易见，我们可以忽略历史的影响，也无需再去不断的保存历史信息，一切规划都只要从当前状态出发即可。它所蕴含的思想是将智能体有限的规划能力引导至更有价值的方向。&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
&lt;P class=a style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;马尔可夫决策过程与马尔可夫过程的本质区别就是多了主体即决策者的介入。下面将依次简单介绍马尔可夫决策过程&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt;(Markov Decision Processes, MDP)&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;，部分可观察马尔可夫决策过程&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt;(Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes, POMDP)&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;，分布式部分马尔可夫决策过程（&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt;Decentralized-POMDP, DEC-POMDP&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;），部分可观察的随机博弈&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt;(Partially Observable Stochastic Games, POSG)&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;及半马尔可夫决策过程&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt;(Semi-MDP)&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;之间的区别与联系。&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
&lt;P class=a style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt;50&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;年代&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt;R.&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;贝尔曼研究动态规划时和&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt;L.S.&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;沙普利研究随机对策时已出现马尔可夫决策过程的基本思想。&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt;R.A.&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;霍华德&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt;(1960)&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;和&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt;D.&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;布莱克韦尔&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt;(1962)&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;等人的研究工作奠定了马尔可夫决策过程的理论基础。&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt;1965&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;年，布莱克韦尔关于一般状态空间的研究和&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt;E.B.&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;丁金关于非时齐（非时间平稳性）的研究，推动了这一理论的发展。&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt;1960&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;年以来，马尔可夫决策过程理论得到迅速发展，应用领域不断扩大。凡是以马尔可夫过程作为数学模型的问题，只要能引入决策和效用结构，均可应用这种理论。&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
&lt;P class=a style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;在人工智能领域中，对决策类问题的求解过程也可以称为规划。经典规划一般基于确定式的环境模式，如搜索算法&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt;A*&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;等。这类方法在现实应用中有很大的局限性。面对现实中的规划问题，主体对环境特性的把握常常是不完整的，正是由于这种知识的缺失，造成了不确定性。马尔可夫决策模型则可以处理这类问题。利用下图信息集合划分的方式，可以更清晰的理解不确定性，以及马尔可夫决策过程&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt;(MDP)&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;与下面将提到部分可观察马尔可夫决策过程&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt;(POMDP)&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;的区别。&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
&lt;P class=a style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;针对某个决策问题，从信息或者知识的角度我们区分出如下所示&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt;3&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;个依次为包含关系的集合：&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
&lt;P class=2 style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
&lt;P class=a0 style="MARGIN: 6pt 0cm 12pt"&gt;&lt;A name=_Toc197916631&gt;&lt;B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"&gt;&lt;FONT face=宋体&gt;&lt;BR&gt;图&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;FONT face=宋体&gt;&lt;SPAN style="mso-bookmark: _Toc197916631"&gt;&lt;B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt;&lt;SPAN style="mso-no-proof: yes"&gt;1&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="mso-bookmark: _Toc197916631"&gt;&lt;B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt;.&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="mso-bookmark: _Toc197916631"&gt;&lt;B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt;&lt;SPAN style="mso-no-proof: yes"&gt;1&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="mso-bookmark: _Toc197916631"&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt; &lt;/SPAN&gt;决策问题中的信息划分&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;IMG src="//blog.vckbase.com//images/vckbase_com/lostpencil/1245/o_model.JPG"&gt; 
&lt;P class=a style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt;&lt;BR&gt;A&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;集合：为客观存在的影响过程的全部信息，是整个客观世界的世界状态中与问题所对应过程相关的因素。&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
&lt;P class=a style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt;B&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;集合：为影响智能体主观决策的信息，进一步解释，是智能体主观上知道存在，并能够把握运用的一些信息。因为对于某些因素，即便智能体知道应该与过程相关，但无法把握运用，这些信息也不会影响智能体决策。比如，一般都认为掷硬币，正反面的概率各&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt;50%&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;。事实上，风力，掷硬币的具体操作方式，抛出轨迹，用力情况，地面情况等都会影响过程结果，而这些因素通常无法把握运用，即使考虑进来，也难以改变决策。因此，这类智能体知道存在却无法把握利用的信息，及主观上根本不知道其存在而客观上却影响过程的因素，构成了&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt;B&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;集合与&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt;A&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;集合的差别。同时，也正是这些差别，造成了不确定性的存在。从另一个角度，只要&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt;B&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;不是空集，基于应用的需求，就存在进行决策的意义。但对不确定性仍需进行刻画，于是便引入了统计意义上概率。&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
&lt;P class=a style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt;C&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;集合：为智能体总是能观察到的信息。现实中很多决策过程，对于&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt;B&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;集合中的信息，智能体有时观察不到。比如踢足球，自己身后球员的位置是会影响决策的，但却可能会观察不到。&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
&lt;P class=a style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;根据定义内容，首先有前提&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt;A&amp;gt;=B&amp;gt;=C&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;，进而可以对问题做下面的分类：&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
&lt;P class=a style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt;1&amp;gt; &lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;当&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt; A=B=C&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;时是一个确定性问题。&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
&lt;P class=a style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt;2&amp;gt; &lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;当&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt; A&amp;gt;=B=C&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;时是一个&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt;MDP&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;问题。&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
&lt;P class=a style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt;3&amp;gt; &lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;当&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt; A&amp;gt;=B&amp;gt;C&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;时是一个&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt;POMDP&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;问题。&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
&lt;P class=a style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt;MDP&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;本身既可以处理确定性问题，也可处理不确定性问题。而&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt;POMDP&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;在&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt;MDP&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;模型上进行了一定扩展，引入了对观察不确定性的处理。从一定意义上也可以认为，&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt;MDP&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;是&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt;POMDP&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;的一种极端的情况，即决策相关信息全部可观察。&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
&lt;P class=a style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt;MDP&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;及&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt;POMDP&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;模型中都认为决策的智能体只有一个，并把其它一切因素都归于客观环境。这些因素一部分是确定性的知识；另一部分则是已归入统计概率的不确定性，认为在当前条件下，从处理问题的实际情况出发，不适合再进行探究，只作概率推理。当一个过程中，有多个智能体同时决策合作来解决一个问题时，上述模型是否适用的关键因素即其他智能体的策略是否已知。策略是决策的结果，指出在过程某个状态要采用哪个行动。如果认为其他智能体策略已知，无论是确定性的策略亦或含概率表示的不确定性策略，那么其他智能体一样可以归入环境，仍可使用&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt;MDP&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;或&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt;POMDP&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;模型处理。否则，其它智能体会采用何种策略也是需要纳入考虑的，在生成智能体自身决策的同时，也要生成其他智能体的决策，这是其客观过程本身的模型决定的。分布式马尔可夫决策过程&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt;(DEC-MDP)&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;及分布式部分可观察马尔可夫决策过程&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt;(DEC-POMDP)&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;可以处理这类多智能体合作问题。&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
&lt;P class=a style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;在现实应用中，多智能体间除了合作也可能存在对抗，这类问题可以归为博弈。其中本质的区别即智能体间收益评价的不同。合作类问题，各个智能体有相同的收益评价，或者说有共同的目标；而博弈类问题，各个智能体收益评价存在区别，甚至完全对立。部分可观察的随机博弈&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN lang=EN-US&gt;(POSG)&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;便是进一步扩展的一个决策模型，可以处理这类带有不确定性的博弈问题。&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
&lt;P class=a style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"&gt;半马尔可夫过程又可以称为非时齐马尔可夫过程，这是相对于一般的时齐马尔可夫过程而言的。所谓时齐是指过程的每两个相邻状态点间的时间间隔是一致的，对应决策过程则是每步行动的执行时间是定长的。非时齐则是描述了一类更一般的情况，对应决策过程中行动的执行时间并不固定，甚至是时间上的一个概率分布。&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;我的收获：早些年研究的东西，基本思路是有一定的科学理论依据的，只是出发点有了问题，所以难逃计算量的恐怖。就像目前的彩票研究者一样，最终的常理的结论是预知性不明朗，靠运气吧。现在想想其实换一个研究层面去研究，然后按原来的方法计算，很多层面的东西还是相当有可能的。感谢数学，感谢马尔可夫。&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;img src ="http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/aggbug/35154.html" width = "1" height = "1" /&gt;</description></item><item><dc:creator>lostpencil</dc:creator><title>系统问题求助各位大侠</title><link>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/archive/2008/09/24/35114.html</link><pubDate>Wed, 24 Sep 2008 15:27:00 GMT</pubDate><guid>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/archive/2008/09/24/35114.html</guid><wfw:comment>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/comments/35114.html</wfw:comment><comments>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/archive/2008/09/24/35114.html#Feedback</comments><slash:comments>6</slash:comments><wfw:commentRss>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/comments/commentRss/35114.html</wfw:commentRss><trackback:ping>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/services/trackbacks/35114.html</trackback:ping><description>我的电脑系统是XP, C盘是ntfs格式的，然后D盘是fat32格式的，这样DOS窗口里面怎么也cd 不进D盘去。&lt;BR&gt;有没有什么办法，不重装系统或者格式化D盘，就可以轻松的CD D:\进去啊&lt;BR&gt;因为之前D盘装了很多东西，格式化了太麻烦了&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;修改：&lt;BR&gt;2008-09-25 08:13 by OneZ&lt;BR&gt;进入D盘，只要在CMD窗口下输入D:，就可以了。前面不需要CD。&lt;img src ="http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/aggbug/35114.html" width = "1" height = "1" /&gt;</description></item><item><dc:creator>lostpencil</dc:creator><title>“Cannot find -lphonon”问题的解决</title><link>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/archive/2008/09/24/35110.html</link><pubDate>Wed, 24 Sep 2008 03:12:00 GMT</pubDate><guid>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/archive/2008/09/24/35110.html</guid><wfw:comment>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/comments/35110.html</wfw:comment><comments>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/archive/2008/09/24/35110.html#Feedback</comments><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><wfw:commentRss>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/comments/commentRss/35110.html</wfw:commentRss><trackback:ping>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/services/trackbacks/35110.html</trackback:ping><description>起因：通过MingW和qt-win-opensource-4.4.2-mingw.exe在windows下安装QT开源版的情况，在运行QT-demos时候会发现mediaplayer那个程序launch不起来，原因是本身那个程序就没有编译成可执行文件。然后自己找到那个模块后，qmake ，make，结果发现老有错误“Cannot find -lphonon”. 网上一搜同样的问题很多，答案比较少，超级复杂，还是有点乱说的成份在。包括那些英文网站上也没有有效的解决方案。&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;关于phonon:&lt;BR&gt;Phonon是一个跨平台多媒体编程开发平台，可使具有不同编程经验的编程人员更便捷地将多媒体功能移植到他们的应用程序中去。&lt;BR&gt;Phonon起初由KDE团队开发，是发布的KDE 4.0的一个组成部分。目前，奇趣科技将Phonon进行了扩展，使其可用于如Windows和 Mac OS X在内的所有主流桌面操作系统上。此外，奇趣科技已将该源程序代码编入KDE的源代码库中，并将其采用LGPL授权。&lt;BR&gt;编程人员利用Phonon，可以更方便地将多媒体回放功能运用到C＋＋应用程序中，很多操作程序仅利用极少的几个代码便可以实现。Phonon的源代码，包括仅在UNIX 和Linux平台上使用的、基于Xine的单一后端。而奇趣科技为Linux的GStreamer创建了其它的后端实施工具，同时为Windows和Mac OS X操作系统也创建了新的后端工具。&lt;BR&gt;奇趣科技把Phonon纳入公司发布的Qt 4.4之中，目前该版本已在2008年第一季度末正式发布。&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;办法：会出现这个问题可能是qt-win-opensource-4.4.2-mingw.exe制作者的疏忽，把Phonon模块以及相关的程序没有编译到，&lt;BR&gt;解决办法其实很简单，不要受那些答案的误导，只要在src下面找到phonon文件夹，然后编译下就好了。&lt;BR&gt;这样会生成2个文件，一个是lib下面的libphonon4.a, 还有一个是bin下的 phonon4.dll, 也可以直接网上下到这2个文件，copy过去也能用。&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;注：仅验证了MingW + qt-win-opensource-4.4.2-mingw.exe的情况， 其他办法安装的有没有问题不清楚，Phonon是QT4以后才有的，要是用老版本是很难有办法用的。&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;img src ="http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/aggbug/35110.html" width = "1" height = "1" /&gt;</description></item><item><dc:creator>lostpencil</dc:creator><title>怎么禁止搜索引擎收录?(转)</title><link>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/archive/2008/08/24/34781.html</link><pubDate>Sun, 24 Aug 2008 08:20:00 GMT</pubDate><guid>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/archive/2008/08/24/34781.html</guid><wfw:comment>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/comments/34781.html</wfw:comment><comments>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/archive/2008/08/24/34781.html#Feedback</comments><slash:comments>2</slash:comments><wfw:commentRss>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/comments/commentRss/34781.html</wfw:commentRss><trackback:ping>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/services/trackbacks/34781.html</trackback:ping><description>&lt;DIV align=left&gt;什么是robots.txt文件?&amp;nbsp;搜索引擎通过一种程序robot（又称spider），自动访问互联网上的网页并获取网页信息。您可以在您的网站中创建一个纯文本文件robots.txt，在这个文件中声明该网站中不想被robot访问的部分，这样，该网站的部分或全部内容就可以不被搜索引擎收录了，或者指定搜索引擎只收录指定的内容。&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;robots.txt文件放在哪里?&amp;nbsp;&lt;BR&gt;robots.txt文件应该放在网站根目录下。举例来说，当robots访问一个网站（比如http://www.abc.com）时，首先会检查该网站中是否存在http://www.abc.com/robots.txt这个文件，如果机器人找到这个文件，它就会根据这个文件的内容，来确定它访问权限的范围。&lt;BR&gt;网站&amp;nbsp;url&amp;nbsp;相应的&amp;nbsp;robots.txt的&amp;nbsp;url&amp;nbsp;&lt;BR&gt;http://www.w3.org/&amp;nbsp;http://www.w3.org/robots.txt&amp;nbsp;&lt;BR&gt;http://www.w3.org:80/&amp;nbsp;http://www.w3.org:80/robots.txt&amp;nbsp;&lt;BR&gt;http://www.w3.org:1234/&amp;nbsp;http: ... 234/robots.txt&amp;nbsp;&lt;BR&gt;http://w3.org/&amp;nbsp;http://w3.org/robots.txt&amp;nbsp;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;robots.txt文件的格式&amp;nbsp;&lt;BR&gt;"robots.txt"文件包含一条或更多的记录，这些记录通过空行分开（以cr,cr/nl,&amp;nbsp;or&amp;nbsp;nl作为结束符），每一条记录的格式如下所示：&lt;BR&gt;"&lt;FIELD&gt;:&lt;OPTIONALSPACE&gt;&lt;VALUE&gt;&lt;OPTIONALSPACE&gt;"。&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;在该文件中可以使用#进行注解，具体使用方法和unix中的惯例一样。该文件中的记录通常以一行或多行user-agent开始，后面加上若干disallow行,详细情况如下：&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;user-agent:&lt;BR&gt;　　该项的值用于描述搜索引擎robot的名字，在"robots.txt"文件中，如果有多条user-agent记录说明有多个robot会受到该协议的限制，对该文件来说，至少要有一条user-agent记录。如果该项的值设为*，则该协议对任何机器人均有效，在"robots.txt"文件中，"user-agent:*"这样的记录只能有一条。&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;disallow:&lt;BR&gt;　　该项的值用于描述不希望被访问到的一个url，这个url可以是一条完整的路径，也可以是部分的，任何以disallow开头的url均不会被robot访问到。例如"disallow:/help"对/help.html&amp;nbsp;和/help/index.html都不允许搜索引擎访问，而"disallow:/help/"则允许robot访问/help.html，而不能访问/help/index.html。任何一条disallow记录为空，说明该网站的所有部分都允许被访问，在"/robots.txt"文件中，至少要有一条disallow记录。如果"/robots.txt"是一个空文件，则对于所有的搜索引擎robot，该网站都是开放的。&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;robots.txt文件用法举例&amp;nbsp;例1.&amp;nbsp;禁止所有搜索引擎访问网站的任何部分&amp;nbsp;&lt;BR&gt;下载该robots.txt文件&amp;nbsp;user-agent:&amp;nbsp;*&amp;nbsp;&lt;BR&gt;disallow:&amp;nbsp;/&amp;nbsp;&lt;BR&gt;例2.&amp;nbsp;允许所有的robot访问&amp;nbsp;(或者也可以建一个空文件&amp;nbsp;"/robots.txt"&amp;nbsp;file)&amp;nbsp;user-agent:&amp;nbsp;*&lt;BR&gt;disallow:&amp;nbsp;&lt;BR&gt;例3.&amp;nbsp;禁止某个搜索引擎的访问&amp;nbsp;user-agent:&amp;nbsp;badbot&lt;BR&gt;disallow:&amp;nbsp;/&amp;nbsp;&lt;BR&gt;例4.&amp;nbsp;允许某个搜索引擎的访问&amp;nbsp;user-agent:&amp;nbsp;baiduspider&lt;BR&gt;disallow:&amp;nbsp;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;user-agent:&amp;nbsp;*&lt;BR&gt;disallow:&amp;nbsp;/&amp;nbsp;&lt;BR&gt;例5.一个简单例子&lt;BR&gt;　　在这个例子中，该网站有三个目录对搜索引擎的访问做了限制，即搜索引擎不会访问这三个目录。&lt;BR&gt;　　需要注意的是对每一个目录必须分开声明，而不要写成&amp;nbsp;"disallow:&amp;nbsp;/cgi-bin/&amp;nbsp;/tmp/"。&lt;BR&gt;　　user-agent:后的*具有特殊的含义，代表"any&amp;nbsp;robot"，所以在该文件中不能有"disallow:&amp;nbsp;/tmp/*"&amp;nbsp;or&amp;nbsp;"disallow:*.gif"这样的记录出现.&amp;nbsp;user-agent:&amp;nbsp;*&lt;BR&gt;disallow:&amp;nbsp;/cgi-bin/&lt;BR&gt;disallow:&amp;nbsp;/tmp/&lt;BR&gt;disallow:&amp;nbsp;/~joe/&amp;nbsp;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/DIV&gt;&lt;img src ="http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/aggbug/34781.html" width = "1" height = "1" /&gt;</description></item><item><dc:creator>lostpencil</dc:creator><title>101道算法题--转的</title><link>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/archive/2008/08/01/34560.html</link><pubDate>Fri, 01 Aug 2008 07:59:00 GMT</pubDate><guid>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/archive/2008/08/01/34560.html</guid><wfw:comment>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/comments/34560.html</wfw:comment><comments>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/archive/2008/08/01/34560.html#Feedback</comments><slash:comments>4</slash:comments><wfw:commentRss>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/comments/commentRss/34560.html</wfw:commentRss><trackback:ping>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/services/trackbacks/34560.html</trackback:ping><description>1. Given a rectangular (cuboidal for the puritans) cake with a rectangular piece removed (any size or orientation), how would you cut the remainder of the cake into two equal halves with one straight cut of a knife ?&lt;BR&gt;2. You're given an array containing both positive and negative integers and required to find the sub-array with the largest sum (O(N) a la KBL). Write a routine in C for the above.&lt;BR&gt;3. Given an array of size N in which every number is between 1 and N, determine if there are any duplicates in it. You are allowed to destroy the array if you like. [ I ended up giving about 4 or 5 different solutions for this, each supposedly better than the others ].&lt;BR&gt;4. Write a routine to draw a circle (x ** 2 + y ** 2 = r ** 2) without making use of any floating point computations at all. [ This one had me stuck for quite some time and I first gave a solution that did have floating point computations&lt;BR&gt;5. Given only putchar (no sprintf, itoa, etc.) write a routine putlong that prints out an unsigned long in decimal. [ I gave the obvious solution of taking % 10 and / 10, which gives us the decimal value in reverse order. This requires an array since we need to print it out in the correct order. The interviewer wasn't too pleased and asked me to give a solution which didn't need the array&lt;BR&gt;6. Give a one-line C expression to test whether a number is a power of 2. [No loops allowed - it's a simple test.&lt;BR&gt;7. Given an array of characters which form a sentence of words, give an efficient algorithm to reverse the order of the words (not characters) in it.&lt;BR&gt;8. How many points are there on the globe where by walking one mile south, one mile east and one mile north you reach the place where you started.&lt;BR&gt;9. Give a very good method to count the number of ones in a "n" (e.g. 32) bit number.&lt;BR&gt;ANS. Given below are simple solutions, find a solution that does it in log (n) steps.&lt;BR&gt;Iterativefunction iterativecount (unsigned int n)beginint count=0;while (n)begincount += n &amp;amp; 0x1 ;n &amp;gt;&amp;gt;= 1;endreturn count;endSparse Countfunction sparsecount (unsigned int n)beginint count=0;while (n)begincount++;n &amp;amp;= (n-1);endreturn count ;end&lt;BR&gt;10. What are the different ways to implement a condition where the value of x can be either a 0 or a 1. Apparently the if then else solution has a jump when&lt;BR&gt;written out in assembly. if (x == 0) y=a else y=b There is a logical, arithmetic and a data structure solution to the above problem.&lt;BR&gt;11. Reverse a linked list.&lt;BR&gt;12. Insert in a sorted list&lt;BR&gt;13. In a X's and 0's game (i.e. TIC TAC TOE) if you write a program for this give a fast way to generate the moves by the computer. I mean this should be the fastest way possible.&lt;BR&gt;The answer is that you need to store all possible configurations of the board and the move that is associated with that. Then it boils down to just accessing the right element and getting the corresponding move for it. Do some analysis and do some more optimization in storage since otherwise it becomes infeasible to get the required storage in a DOS machine.&lt;BR&gt;14. I was given two lines of assembly code which found the absolute value of a number stored in two's complement form. I had to recognize what the code was doing. Pretty simple if you know some assembly and some fundaes on number representation.&lt;BR&gt;15. Give a fast way to multiply a number by 7.&lt;BR&gt;16. How would go about finding out where to find a book in a library. (You don't know how exactly the books are organized beforehand).&lt;BR&gt;17. Linked list manipulation.&lt;BR&gt;18. Tradeoff between time spent in testing a product and getting into the market first.&lt;BR&gt;19. What to test for given that there isn't enough time to test everything you want to.&lt;BR&gt;20. First some definitions for this problem: a) An ASCII character is one byte long and the most significant bit in the byte is always '0'. b) A Kanji character is two bytes long. The only characteristic of a Kanji character is that in its first byte the most significant bit is '1'.&lt;BR&gt;Now you are given an array of a characters (both ASCII and Kanji) and, an index into the array. The index points to the start of some character. Now you need to write a function to do a backspace (i.e. delete the character before the given index).&lt;BR&gt;21. Delete an element from a doubly linked list.&lt;BR&gt;22. Write a function to find the depth of a binary tree.&lt;BR&gt;23. Given two strings S1 and S2. Delete from S2 all those characters which occur in S1 also and finally create a clean S2 with the relevant characters deleted.&lt;BR&gt;24. Assuming that locks are the only reason due to which deadlocks can occur in a system. What would be a foolproof method of avoiding deadlocks in the system.&lt;BR&gt;25. Reverse a linked list.&lt;BR&gt;Ans: Possible answers -&lt;BR&gt;iterative loop&lt;BR&gt;curr-&amp;gt;next = prev;&lt;BR&gt;prev = curr;&lt;BR&gt;curr = next;&lt;BR&gt;next = curr-&amp;gt;next&lt;BR&gt;endloop&lt;BR&gt;recursive reverse(ptr)&lt;BR&gt;if (ptr-&amp;gt;next == NULL)&lt;BR&gt;return ptr;&lt;BR&gt;temp = reverse(ptr-&amp;gt;next);&lt;BR&gt;temp-&amp;gt;next = ptr;&lt;BR&gt;return ptr;&lt;BR&gt;end&lt;BR&gt;26. Write a small lexical analyzer - interviewer gave tokens. expressions like "a*b" etc.&lt;BR&gt;27. Besides communication cost, what is the other source of inefficiency in RPC? (answer : context switches, excessive buffer copying). How can you optimize the communication? (ans : communicate through shared memory on same machine, bypassing the kernel _ A Univ. of Wash. thesis)&lt;BR&gt;28. Write a routine that prints out a 2-D array in spiral order!&lt;BR&gt;29. How is the readers-writers problem solved? - using semaphores/ada .. etc.&lt;BR&gt;30. Ways of optimizing symbol table storage in compilers.&lt;BR&gt;31. A walk-through through the symbol table functions, lookup() implementation etc. - The interviewer was on the Microsoft C team.&lt;BR&gt;32. A version of the "There are three persons X Y Z, one of which always lies".. etc..&lt;BR&gt;33. There are 3 ants at 3 corners of a triangle, they randomly start moving towards another corner.. what is the probability that they don't collide.&lt;BR&gt;34. Write an efficient algorithm and C code to shuffle a pack of cards.. this one was a feedback process until we came up with one with no extra storage.&lt;BR&gt;35. The if (x == 0) y = 0 etc..&lt;BR&gt;36. Some more bitwise optimization at assembly level&lt;BR&gt;37. Some general questions on Lex, Yacc etc.&lt;BR&gt;38. Given an array t[100] which contains numbers between 1..99. Return the duplicated value. Try both O(n) and O(n-square).&lt;BR&gt;39. Given an array of characters. How would you reverse it. ? How would you reverse it without using indexing in the array.&lt;BR&gt;40. Given a sequence of characters. How will you convert the lower case characters to upper case characters. ( Try using bit vector - solutions given in the C lib -typec.h)&lt;BR&gt;41. Fundamentals of RPC.&lt;BR&gt;42. Given a linked list which is sorted. How will u insert in sorted way.&lt;BR&gt;43. Given a linked list How will you reverse it.&lt;BR&gt;44. Give a good data structure for having n queues ( n not fixed) in a finite memory segment. You can have some data-structure separate for each queue. Try to use at least 90% of the memory space.&lt;BR&gt;45. Do a breadth first traversal of a tree.&lt;BR&gt;46. Write code for reversing a linked list.&lt;BR&gt;47. Write, efficient code for extracting unique elements from a sorted list of array. e.g. (1, 1, 3, 3, 3, 5, 5, 5, 9, 9, 9, 9) -&amp;gt; (1, 3, 5, 9).&lt;BR&gt;48. Given an array of integers, find the contiguous sub-array with the largest sum.&lt;BR&gt;ANS. Can be done in O(n) time and O(1) extra space. Scan array from 1 to n. Remember the best sub-array seen so far and the best sub-array ending in i.&lt;BR&gt;49. Given an array of length N containing integers between 1 and N, determine if it contains any duplicates.&lt;BR&gt;ANS.&lt;BR&gt;50. Sort an array of size n containing integers between 1 and K, given a temporary scratch integer array of size K.&lt;BR&gt;ANS. Compute cumulative counts of integers in the auxiliary array. Now scan the original array, rotating cycles! [Can someone word this more nicely?&lt;BR&gt;51. An array of size k contains integers between 1 and n. You are given an additional scratch array of size n. Compress the original array by removing duplicates in it. What if k &amp;lt;&amp;lt; n?&lt;BR&gt;ANS. Can be done in O(k) time i.e. without initializing the auxiliary array!&lt;BR&gt;52. An array of integers. The sum of the array is known not to overflow an integer. Compute the sum. What if we know that integers are in 2's complement form?&lt;BR&gt;ANS. If numbers are in 2's complement, an ordinary looking loop like for(i=total=0;i&amp;lt; n;total+=array[i++]); will do. No need to check for overflows!&lt;BR&gt;53. An array of characters. Reverse the order of words in it.&lt;BR&gt;ANS. Write a routine to reverse a character array. Now call it for the given array and for each word in it.&lt;BR&gt;* 54. An array of integers of size n. Generate a random permutation of the array, given a function rand_n() that returns an integer between 1 and n, both inclusive, with equal probability. What is the expected time of your algorithm?&lt;BR&gt;ANS. "Expected time" should ring a bell. To compute a random permutation, use the standard algorithm of scanning array from n downto 1, swapping i-th element with a uniformly random element &amp;lt;= i-th. To compute a uniformly random integer between 1 and k (k &amp;lt; n), call rand_n() repeatedly until it returns a value in the desired range.&lt;BR&gt;55. An array of pointers to (very long) strings. Find pointers to the (lexicographically) smallest and largest strings.&lt;BR&gt;ANS. Scan array in pairs. Remember largest-so-far and smallest-so-far.&lt;BR&gt;Compare the larger of the two strings in the current pair with largest-so-far to update it. And the smaller of the current pair with the smallest-so-far to update it. For a total of &amp;lt;= 3n/2 strcmp() calls. That's also the lower bound.&lt;BR&gt;56. Write a program to remove duplicates from a sorted array.&lt;BR&gt;ANS. int remove_duplicates(int * p, int size)&lt;BR&gt;{&lt;BR&gt;int current, insert = 1;&lt;BR&gt;for (current=1; current &amp;lt; size; current++)&lt;BR&gt;if (p[current] != p[insert-1])&lt;BR&gt;{&lt;BR&gt;p[insert] = p[current];&lt;BR&gt;current++;&lt;BR&gt;insert++;&lt;BR&gt;} else&lt;BR&gt;current++;&lt;BR&gt;return insert;&lt;BR&gt;}&lt;BR&gt;57. C++ ( what is virtual function ? what happens if an error occurs in constructor or destructor. Discussion on error handling, templates, unique features of C++. What is different in C++, ( compare with unix).&lt;BR&gt;58. Given a list of numbers ( fixed list) Now given any other list, how can you efficiently find out if there is any element in the second list that is an element of the first list (fixed list).&lt;BR&gt;59. Given 3 lines of assembly code : find it is doing. IT was to find absolute value.&lt;BR&gt;60. If you are on a boat and you throw out a suitcase, Will the level of water increase.&lt;BR&gt;61. Print an integer using only putchar. Try doing it without using extra storage.&lt;BR&gt;62. Write C code for (a) deleting an element from a linked list (b) traversing a linked list&lt;BR&gt;63. What are various problems unique to distributed databases&lt;BR&gt;64. Declare a void pointer ANS. void *ptr;&lt;BR&gt;65. Make the pointer aligned to a 4 byte boundary in a efficient manner ANS. Assign the pointer to a long number and the number with 11...1100 add 4 to the number&lt;BR&gt;66. What is a far pointer (in DOS)&lt;BR&gt;67. What is a balanced tree&lt;BR&gt;68. Given a linked list with the following property node2 is left child of node1, if node2 &amp;lt; node1 else, it is the right child.&lt;BR&gt;O P&lt;BR&gt;|&lt;BR&gt;|&lt;BR&gt;O A&lt;BR&gt;|&lt;BR&gt;|&lt;BR&gt;O B&lt;BR&gt;|&lt;BR&gt;|&lt;BR&gt;O C&lt;BR&gt;How do you convert the above linked list to the form without disturbing the property. Write C code for that.&lt;BR&gt;O P&lt;BR&gt;|&lt;BR&gt;|&lt;BR&gt;O B&lt;BR&gt;/ \&lt;BR&gt;/ \&lt;BR&gt;/ \&lt;BR&gt;O ? O ?&lt;BR&gt;determine where do A and C go&lt;BR&gt;69. Describe the file system layout in the UNIX OS&lt;BR&gt;ANS. describe boot block, super block, inodes and data layout&lt;BR&gt;70. In UNIX, are the files allocated contiguous blocks of data&lt;BR&gt;ANS. no, they might be fragmented&lt;BR&gt;How is the fragmented data kept track of&lt;BR&gt;ANS. Describe the direct blocks and indirect blocks in UNIX file system&lt;BR&gt;71. Write an efficient C code for 'tr' program. 'tr' has two command line arguments. They both are strings of same length. tr reads an input file, replaces each character in the first string with the corresponding character in the second string. eg. 'tr abc xyz' replaces all 'a's by 'x's, 'b's by 'y's and so on. ANS.&lt;BR&gt;a) have an array of length 26.&lt;BR&gt;put 'x' in array element corr to 'a'&lt;BR&gt;put 'y' in array element corr to 'b'&lt;BR&gt;put 'z' in array element corr to 'c'&lt;BR&gt;put 'd' in array element corr to 'd'&lt;BR&gt;put 'e' in array element corr to 'e'&lt;BR&gt;and so on.&lt;BR&gt;the code&lt;BR&gt;while (!eof)&lt;BR&gt;{&lt;BR&gt;c = getc();&lt;BR&gt;putc(array[c - 'a']);&lt;BR&gt;}&lt;BR&gt;72. what is disk interleaving&lt;BR&gt;73. why is disk interleaving adopted&lt;BR&gt;74. given a new disk, how do you determine which interleaving is the best a) give 1000 read operations with each kind of interleaving determine the best interleaving from the statistics&lt;BR&gt;75. draw the graph with performance on one axis and 'n' on another, where 'n' in the 'n' in n-way disk interleaving. (a tricky question, should be answered carefully)&lt;BR&gt;76. I was a c++ code and was asked to find out the bug in that. The bug was that he declared an object locally in a function and tried to return the pointer to that object. Since the object is local to the function, it no more exists after returning from the function. The pointer, therefore, is invalid outside.&lt;BR&gt;77. A real life problem - A square picture is cut into 16 squares and they are&lt;BR&gt;shuffled. Write a program to rearrange the 16 squares to get the original big square.&lt;BR&gt;78.&lt;BR&gt;int *a;&lt;BR&gt;char *c;&lt;BR&gt;*(a) = 20;&lt;BR&gt;*c = *a;&lt;BR&gt;printf("%c",*c);&lt;BR&gt;what is the output?&lt;BR&gt;79. Write a program to find whether a given m/c is big-endian or little-endian!&lt;BR&gt;80. What is a volatile variable?&lt;BR&gt;81. What is the scope of a static function in C ?&lt;BR&gt;82. What is the difference between "malloc" and "calloc"?&lt;BR&gt;83. struct n { int data; struct n* next}node;&lt;BR&gt;node *c,*t;&lt;BR&gt;c-&amp;gt;data = 10;&lt;BR&gt;t-&amp;gt;next = null;&lt;BR&gt;*c = *t;&lt;BR&gt;what is the effect of the last statement?&lt;BR&gt;84. If you're familiar with the ? operator x ? y : z&lt;BR&gt;you want to implement that in a function: int cond(int x, int y, int z); using only ~, !, ^, &amp;amp;, +, |, &amp;lt;&amp;lt;, &amp;gt;&amp;gt; no if statements, or loops or anything else, just those operators, and the function should correctly return y or z based on the value of x. You may use constants, but only 8 bit constants. You can cast all you want. You're not supposed to use extra variables, but in the end, it won't really matter, using vars just makes things cleaner. You should be able to reduce your solution to a single line in the end though that requires no extra vars.&lt;BR&gt;85. You have an abstract computer, so just forget everything you know about computers, this one only does what I'm about to tell you it does. You can use as many variables as you need, there are no negative numbers, all numbers are integers. You do not know the size of the integers, they could be infinitely large, so you can't count on truncating at any point. There are NO comparisons allowed, no if statements or anything like that. There are only four operations you can do on a variable.&lt;BR&gt;1) You can set a variable to 0.&lt;BR&gt;2) You can set a variable = another variable.&lt;BR&gt;3) You can increment a variable (only by 1), and it's a post increment.&lt;BR&gt;4) You can loop. So, if you were to say loop(v1) and v1 = 10, your loop would execute 10 times, but the value in v1 wouldn't change so the first line in the loop can change value of v1 without changing the number of times you loop.&lt;BR&gt;You need to do 3 things.&lt;BR&gt;1) Write a function that decrements by 1.&lt;BR&gt;2) Write a function that subtracts one variable from another.&lt;BR&gt;3) Write a function that divides one variable by another.&lt;BR&gt;4) See if you can implement all 3 using at most 4 variables. Meaning, you're not making function calls now, you're making macros. And at most you can have 4 variables. The restriction really only applies to divide, the other 2 are easy to do with 4 vars or less. Division on the other hand is dependent on the other 2 functions, so, if subtract requires 3 variables, then divide only has 1 variable left unchanged after a call to subtract. Basically, just make your function calls to decrement and subtract so you pass your vars in by reference, and you can't declare any new variables in a function, what you pass in is all it gets.&lt;BR&gt;* 86. Under what circumstances can one delete an element from a singly linked list in constant time?&lt;BR&gt;ANS. If the list is circular and there are no references to the nodes in the list from anywhere else! Just copy the contents of the next node and delete the next node. If the list is not circular, we can delete any but the last node using this idea. In that case, mark the last node as dummy!&lt;BR&gt;* 87. Given a singly linked list, determine whether it contains a loop or not.&lt;BR&gt;ANS. (a) Start reversing the list. If you reach the head, gotcha! there is a loop!&lt;BR&gt;But this changes the list. So, reverse the list again.&lt;BR&gt;(b) Maintain two pointers, initially pointing to the head. Advance one of them one node at a time. And the other one, two nodes at a time. If the latter overtakes the former at any time, there is a loop!&lt;BR&gt;p1 = p2 = head;&lt;BR&gt;do {&lt;BR&gt;p1 = p1-&amp;gt;next;&lt;BR&gt;p2 = p2-&amp;gt;next-&amp;gt;next;&lt;BR&gt;} while (p1 != p2);&lt;BR&gt;88. Given a singly linked list, print out its contents in reverse order. Can you do it without using any extra space?&lt;BR&gt;ANS. Start reversing the list. Do this again, printing the contents.&lt;BR&gt;89. Given a binary tree with nodes, print out the values in pre-order/in-order/post-order without using any extra space.&lt;BR&gt;90. Reverse a singly linked list recursively. The function prototype is node * reverse (node *) ;&lt;BR&gt;ANS.&lt;BR&gt;node * reverse (node * n)&lt;BR&gt;{&lt;BR&gt;node * m ;&lt;BR&gt;if (! (n &amp;amp;&amp;amp; n -&amp;gt; next))&lt;BR&gt;return n ;&lt;BR&gt;m = reverse (n -&amp;gt; next) ;&lt;BR&gt;n -&amp;gt; next -&amp;gt; next = n ;&lt;BR&gt;n -&amp;gt; next = NULL ;&lt;BR&gt;return m ;&lt;BR&gt;}&lt;BR&gt;91. Given a singly linked list, find the middle of the list.&lt;BR&gt;HINT. Use the single and double pointer jumping. Maintain two pointers, initially pointing to the head. Advance one of them one node at a time. And the other one, two nodes at a time. When the double reaches the end, the single is in the middle. This is not asymptotically faster but seems to take less steps than going through the list twice.&lt;BR&gt;92. Reverse the bits of an unsigned integer.&lt;BR&gt;ANS.&lt;BR&gt;#define reverse(x) \&lt;BR&gt;(x=x&amp;gt;&amp;gt;16|(0x0000ffff&amp;amp;x)&amp;lt;&amp;lt;16, \&lt;BR&gt;x=(0xff00ff00&amp;amp;x)&amp;gt;&amp;gt;8|(0x00ff00ff&amp;amp;x)&amp;lt;&amp;lt;8, \&lt;BR&gt;x=(0xf0f0f0f0&amp;amp;x)&amp;gt;&amp;gt;4|(0x0f0f0f0f&amp;amp;x)&amp;lt;&amp;lt;4, \&lt;BR&gt;x=(0xcccccccc&amp;amp;x)&amp;gt;&amp;gt;2|(0x33333333&amp;amp;x)&amp;lt;&amp;lt;2, \&lt;BR&gt;x=(0xaaaaaaaa&amp;amp;x)&amp;gt;&amp;gt;1|(0x55555555&amp;amp;x)&amp;lt;&amp;lt;1)&lt;BR&gt;* 93. Compute the number of ones in an unsigned integer.&lt;BR&gt;ANS.&lt;BR&gt;#define count_ones(x) \&lt;BR&gt;(x=(0xaaaaaaaa&amp;amp;x)&amp;gt;&amp;gt;1+(0x55555555&amp;amp;x), \&lt;BR&gt;x=(0xcccccccc&amp;amp;x)&amp;gt;&amp;gt;2+(0x33333333&amp;amp;x), \&lt;BR&gt;x=(0xf0f0f0f0&amp;amp;x)&amp;gt;&amp;gt;4+(0x0f0f0f0f&amp;amp;x), \&lt;BR&gt;x=(0xff00ff00&amp;amp;x)&amp;gt;&amp;gt;8+(0x00ff00ff&amp;amp;x), \&lt;BR&gt;x=x&amp;gt;&amp;gt;16+(0x0000ffff&amp;amp;x))&lt;BR&gt;94. Compute the discrete log of an unsigned integer.&lt;BR&gt;ANS.&lt;BR&gt;#define discrete_log(h) \&lt;BR&gt;(h=(h&amp;gt;&amp;gt;1)|(h&amp;gt;&amp;gt;2), \&lt;BR&gt;h|=(h&amp;gt;&amp;gt;2), \&lt;BR&gt;h|=(h&amp;gt;&amp;gt;4), \&lt;BR&gt;h|=(h&amp;gt;&amp;gt;8), \&lt;BR&gt;h|=(h&amp;gt;&amp;gt;16), \&lt;BR&gt;h=(0xaaaaaaaa&amp;amp;h)&amp;gt;&amp;gt;1+(0x55555555&amp;amp;h), \&lt;BR&gt;h=(0xcccccccc&amp;amp;h)&amp;gt;&amp;gt;2+(0x33333333&amp;amp;h), \&lt;BR&gt;h=(0xf0f0f0f0&amp;amp;h)&amp;gt;&amp;gt;4+(0x0f0f0f0f&amp;amp;h), \&lt;BR&gt;h=(0xff00ff00&amp;amp;h)&amp;gt;&amp;gt;8+(0x00ff00ff&amp;amp;h), \&lt;BR&gt;h=(h&amp;gt;&amp;gt;16)+(0x0000ffff&amp;amp;h))&lt;BR&gt;If I understand it right, log2(2) =1, log2(3)=1, log2(4)=2..... But this macro does not work out log2(0) which does not exist! How do you think it should be handled?&lt;BR&gt;* 95. How do we test most simply if an unsigned integer is a power of two?&lt;BR&gt;ANS. #define power_of_two(x) \ ((x)&amp;amp;&amp;amp;(~(x&amp;amp;(x-1))))&lt;BR&gt;96. Set the highest significant bit of an unsigned integer to zero.&lt;BR&gt;ANS. (from Denis Zabavchik) Set the highest significant bit of an unsigned integer to zero&lt;BR&gt;#define zero_most_significant(h) \&lt;BR&gt;(h&amp;amp;=(h&amp;gt;&amp;gt;1)|(h&amp;gt;&amp;gt;2), \&lt;BR&gt;h|=(h&amp;gt;&amp;gt;2), \&lt;BR&gt;h|=(h&amp;gt;&amp;gt;4), \&lt;BR&gt;h|=(h&amp;gt;&amp;gt;8), \&lt;BR&gt;h|=(h&amp;gt;&amp;gt;16))&lt;BR&gt;97. Let f(k) = y where k is the y-th number in the increasing sequence of non-negative integers with the same number of ones in its binary representation as y, e.g. f(0) = 1, f(1) = 1, f(2) = 2, f(3) = 1, f(4) = 3, f(5) = 2, f(6)&lt;BR&gt;= 3 and so on. Given k &amp;gt;= 0, compute f(k).&lt;BR&gt;98. A character set has 1 and 2 byte characters. One byte characters have 0 as the first bit. You just keep accumulating the characters in a buffer. Suppose at some point the user types a backspace, how can you remove the character efficiently. (Note: You cant store the last character typed because the user can type in arbitrarily many backspaces)&lt;BR&gt;99. What is the simples way to check if the sum of two unsigned integers has resulted in an overflow.&lt;BR&gt;100. How do you represent an n-ary tree? Write a program to print the nodes of such a tree in breadth first order.&lt;BR&gt;101. Write the 'tr' program of UNIX. Invoked as&lt;BR&gt;tr -str1 -str2. It reads stdin and prints it out to stdout, replacing every occurance of str1[i] with str2[i].&lt;BR&gt;e.g. tr -abc -xyz&lt;BR&gt;to be and not to be &amp;lt;- input&lt;BR&gt;to ye xnd not to ye &amp;lt;- output&lt;img src ="http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/aggbug/34560.html" width = "1" height = "1" /&gt;</description></item><item><dc:creator>lostpencil</dc:creator><title>痛苦的windows UTF-8</title><link>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/archive/2008/07/03/34276.html</link><pubDate>Thu, 03 Jul 2008 00:13:00 GMT</pubDate><guid>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/archive/2008/07/03/34276.html</guid><wfw:comment>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/comments/34276.html</wfw:comment><comments>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/archive/2008/07/03/34276.html#Feedback</comments><slash:comments>2</slash:comments><wfw:commentRss>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/comments/commentRss/34276.html</wfw:commentRss><trackback:ping>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/services/trackbacks/34276.html</trackback:ping><description>&lt;P&gt;起因：Python django web框架只能解析UTF-8的中文模板，于是我就建了html文件，用记事本打开，另存为UTF-8的形式。结果奇怪的问题就出现了，css文件布局网页的时候老是达不到预期的效果。&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;CSS也不太熟悉，一直以为是CSS理解错了，确认没有错后，还是没有改观，察看动态生成的网页的源码，也没有任何问题。打算放弃的时候，侥幸的保存了源码，然后用editplus打开，发现html文件开头多了一个问号（用微软的所有工具打开都没有这个问号）。&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;最近时间不多，就不罗嗦了：&lt;BR&gt;类似WINDOWS自带的记事本等软件，在保存一个以UTF-8编码的文件时，会在文件开始的地方插入三个不可见的字符（0xEF 0xBB 0xBF，即BOM）。它是一串隐藏的字符，用于让记事本等编辑器识别这个文件是否以UTF-8编码。对于一般的文件，这样并不会产生什么麻烦。但对于Python或者PHP来说，BOM就是一个问题了。他们都不会忽略BOM, 然后在html文件的开头就多了那几个字符，editplus解析不了就显示成问号了，然后网页就不符合规范了，CSS的布局就有了问题，然后我就痛苦了。&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;我的解决办法：&lt;BR&gt;最开始是自己写了个小程序把那串东西去掉了，后来发现原来UltraEdit支持无BOM的形式的保存........&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;真后悔最开始懒了，没有直接装linux服务器。&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;img src ="http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/aggbug/34276.html" width = "1" height = "1" /&gt;</description></item><item><dc:creator>lostpencil</dc:creator><title>痛苦的捉虫之--i2d_X509(openssl函数)</title><link>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/archive/2008/05/06/33540.html</link><pubDate>Tue, 06 May 2008 14:52:00 GMT</pubDate><guid>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/archive/2008/05/06/33540.html</guid><wfw:comment>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/comments/33540.html</wfw:comment><comments>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/archive/2008/05/06/33540.html#Feedback</comments><slash:comments>2</slash:comments><wfw:commentRss>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/comments/commentRss/33540.html</wfw:commentRss><trackback:ping>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/services/trackbacks/33540.html</trackback:ping><description>&lt;P&gt;目的: 工作需要,从一个.P12或者pfx文件里面取得证书的内容,因为有个接口需要一个这样的证书字符串.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;于是我这么写了: &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;//取得服务器证书&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;X509 *cert2;&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;EVP_PKEY *pkey2=NULL;&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;STACK_OF(X509) *server = NULL;&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;BIO * in2 = BIO_new_file("server.pfx","rb");&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;PKCS12 *p122 = d2i_PKCS12_bio(in2,NULL);&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;PKCS12_parse(p122, "123456", &amp;amp;pkey2, &amp;amp;cert2, &amp;amp;server);&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;*servercertLen = i2d_X509(cert2,&amp;amp;servercert);&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;本来打算把servercert 和servercertLen作为证书字符串的衡量标准,传给那个接口,结果呢,TMD死活就是不对,servercert就是没有我要的东西.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;反反复复的debug,找不到哪里出了问题,前面都是对的,就是到了最后一步servercert里面的东西就不对了,openssl的文档也被读烂了,啥也没说,有点想砸了电脑自杀了.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;最后我就想啊想啊,因为知道openssl里面好多函数都是用宏实现的,是不是在i2d_X509里面改变了servercert的指向呢,虽然觉得比较荒唐,但是杨老师在他的COM系列文章里面讲过:有些看似不和规范和习惯的用法,在方方面面都有着运用的.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;报着试试的态度在程序后面加了这么句:&lt;BR&gt;servercert = servercert -*servercertLen;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;结果TMD真的就好了,但是已经过了20个小时了.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;罗嗦半天,要说的其实就是一句话: i2d_X509会改变第2个参数的指针,增加了一个证书内容的长度.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;注:TMD是"甜蜜的"意思,不是说脏话,:)&lt;/P&gt;&lt;img src ="http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/aggbug/33540.html" width = "1" height = "1" /&gt;</description></item><item><dc:creator>lostpencil</dc:creator><title>付出和收获正比问题</title><link>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/archive/2007/10/15/30008.html</link><pubDate>Mon, 15 Oct 2007 09:55:00 GMT</pubDate><guid>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/archive/2007/10/15/30008.html</guid><wfw:comment>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/comments/30008.html</wfw:comment><comments>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/archive/2007/10/15/30008.html#Feedback</comments><slash:comments>5</slash:comments><wfw:commentRss>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/comments/commentRss/30008.html</wfw:commentRss><trackback:ping>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/services/trackbacks/30008.html</trackback:ping><description>起因：上研究生的表弟突然问我&amp;#8220;你觉得你的付出和收获成正比吗？&amp;#8221;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;仔细想想，常常的郁闷也是因为心里不平衡吧。最后为了充过来人，我的回答是：&lt;BR&gt;貌一看肯定是完全不成，但是仔细想想还是收获大于付出了&lt;BR&gt;人和人竞争不光是100分的，你多付出的得到的是100分以外的东西&lt;BR&gt;在100分以内，我们的3倍付出可能是1%的收获或者是0收获，拿你们考试来说也就是80分和81分的区别，但是有朝一日竞争需要考虑100分以外的东西了，你的优势就很明显了。&lt;BR&gt;感觉工作也是，也许拼命了也不会涨工资或者得到肯定，但是总有一天还是会有回报的。毕竟工作一放松，整个人也就难紧张起来了。&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;img src ="http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/aggbug/30008.html" width = "1" height = "1" /&gt;</description></item><item><dc:creator>lostpencil</dc:creator><title>python web框架django概述</title><link>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/archive/2007/09/15/29451.html</link><pubDate>Sat, 15 Sep 2007 04:28:00 GMT</pubDate><guid>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/archive/2007/09/15/29451.html</guid><wfw:comment>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/comments/29451.html</wfw:comment><comments>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/archive/2007/09/15/29451.html#Feedback</comments><slash:comments>2</slash:comments><wfw:commentRss>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/comments/commentRss/29451.html</wfw:commentRss><trackback:ping>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/services/trackbacks/29451.html</trackback:ping><description>&lt;FONT color=#ffffff&gt;&lt;FONT style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #000000"&gt;&lt;STRONG&gt;起因&lt;/STRONG&gt;：目前可以看到的所有介绍django的资料都是太详细，需要很久才能有一个整体的印象，本文意图是从整体上简单说下django的结构，方便学习者早点上手。&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;django是一个MVC(Model View Controller)模式的web开发框架。不过在这里它对应于MVC变成了MTV(Model Template View), Model主要是和数据库的表对应的，通过访问Model可以很容易的操作数据库；Template是不完全的html页面，它支持继承扩展等功能；View是一个控制器，也就是网站每个模块的逻辑部分。&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;STRONG&gt;一般网站的django结构&lt;/STRONG&gt;（我一般画的图比较烂就不画图了）：&lt;BR&gt;主目录，都是创建工程时自动生成的一些东西，它包括如下东西：&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; __init__.py&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;作用同于python模块内的init&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;manage.py&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;一个脚本的接口，通过调用它对整个系统管理，增加一个模块，或者是手动更新数据库等等&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;settings.py&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;在这里进行系统相关的设置&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;urls.py&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 在这里用正则表达式的方式，将URL和View进行匹配。&lt;BR&gt;一个关于结构的例子：比如你有一个简单的网站，有3个部分，一个是主页，一个是登陆，还有一个是产品。你首先创建一个主的project,然后可以在里面创建mainpage,login, product三个模块，通过主目录下面的urls.py将每个模块和相应的URL匹配。在每个模块下面会有自己的model和view.至于Template，你可以放在任何位置，只要在setting.py中指定好路径就可以了。&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;STRONG&gt;Model介绍&lt;/STRONG&gt;：&lt;BR&gt;django通过Model文件直接帮定数据库的表，然后提供一系列的api对相应的Model对象操作，这样避免的自己写SQL语句，如果你不是数据库专家，它内部生成的SQL语句效率一般都比你写的高。 一个简单的例子：比如你想在数据库中建立一张表，你只需要在相应模块的models.py文件中加入，&lt;BR&gt;from django.db import models&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;class xxxx(models.Model):&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; name = models.CharField(maxlength=30)&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; address = models.CharField(maxlength=50)&lt;BR&gt;然后执行下脚本，就搞定了，然后你就可以通过这个class对象对数据库进行操作。&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;STRONG&gt;Template介绍&lt;/STRONG&gt;：&lt;BR&gt;template实际就是一个html文件，但是不是一个完全合法html文件，它相当于c++里面的模板类，通过给他不同的参数，然后他就解析成不同的html文件，而且它也支持继承。一个Template B继承另一个Template A简单的说就是，B是A的扩展，可以在B中对A中的&amp;#8220;block&amp;#8221;处丰富化。template文件内的变量通过{{ xxx}}的方式定义，你只要在view.py中调用相应的函数给xxx指定值，就能得到一个完整的html文件。template也可以有逻辑控制，它通过{%&amp;nbsp; xxx &amp;nbsp;%}来定义，常见的逻辑控制都可以写在xxx的位置处。&lt;BR&gt;{% for item in todo_list %}&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;lt;p&amp;gt;{{ forloop.counter }}: {{ item }}&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&lt;BR&gt;{% endfor %}&lt;BR&gt;（继承的例子比较占篇幅就不写了，反正到处都可以找到）&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;STRONG&gt;View介绍&lt;/STRONG&gt;：&lt;BR&gt;view的作用就是接受一个request然后，对request进行处理，返回一个html页面或者是一个URL跳转等，主要就是根据网页的作用来编写逻辑处理了。一个例子：&lt;BR&gt;from django.http import HttpResponse&lt;BR&gt;import datetime&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;def current_datetime(request):&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; now = datetime.datetime.now()&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; html = "&amp;lt;html&amp;gt;&amp;lt;body&amp;gt;It is now %s.&amp;lt;/body&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/html&amp;gt;" % now&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; return HttpResponse(html)&lt;BR&gt;一个打印当前时间的小view.py文件，当然这里你想干什么都可以的，只要没有人K你，：）&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;STRONG&gt;其他说明&lt;/STRONG&gt;：&lt;BR&gt;前面说的只是ｄｊａｎｇｏ的一个大体结构，实际上每个部分都有一些高级运用，还有一些Middleware （功能已经很全面了），Caching （提高效率的好帮手）等&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #deb887" color=#ffffff&gt;&lt;FONT style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #000000"&gt;。ｄｊａｎｇｏ的口号是，一个星期就能搞定一个大中型网站（个人感觉熟练的话肯定没有问题），如果想进一步了解的话上ｗｗｗ．ｄｊａｎｇｏｐｒｏｊｅｃｔ．ｃｏｍ和ｗｗｗ．ｄｊａｎｇｏｂｏｏｋ．ｃｏｍ，国内目前也有一些人翻译了一些资料可以参考。&lt;BR&gt;学习前提：了解网站的原理＋了解ｐｙｔｈｏｎ的基础知识。&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;img src ="http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/aggbug/29451.html" width = "1" height = "1" /&gt;</description></item><item><dc:creator>lostpencil</dc:creator><title>画猫扮虎--linux习惯者的windows下备用方案</title><link>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/archive/2007/09/13/29393.html</link><pubDate>Wed, 12 Sep 2007 16:55:00 GMT</pubDate><guid>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/archive/2007/09/13/29393.html</guid><wfw:comment>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/comments/29393.html</wfw:comment><comments>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/archive/2007/09/13/29393.html#Feedback</comments><slash:comments>6</slash:comments><wfw:commentRss>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/comments/commentRss/29393.html</wfw:commentRss><trackback:ping>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/services/trackbacks/29393.html</trackback:ping><description>起因：辞职到处奔波了几个月，服务器也挂了不短的时间，加上驱动问题笔记本装linux比较麻烦，总之是一直没有linux用，很是不方便。&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;解决方案：&lt;BR&gt;step 1: 让DOS窗口支持常用的linux命令。&lt;BR&gt;这里首选的当然是cygwin了，这类的东西不大，官网上都能下载，一般也就是名字后面+.org搞定。装好后在环境变量的path里面加入bin的路径，就可以轻松的在DOS窗口使用大多数常用的命令了，要是感觉DOS不爽，也可以直接敲bash启动bash,和linux的差别就更小了，当然你可能无法使用vi/vim等一些小工具，自己去淘了，然后加进去都可以用。&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;step 2: GCC组件的安装&lt;BR&gt;可能我们不太习惯VS系列的产品，当然我觉得他们做的非常成功的，费用是一个问题，还有就是不熟的话大多数情况扮演了杀鸡的牛刀的角色。图简便的话就是MinGW算了，网速不行的话就自己下包一个个的整了，在线安装会比较慢，而且出问题也不好分析解决。这里不推荐dev-c++了，一个不太美观和科学的UI层严重影响了它的使用（个人看法）。&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;step 3: IDE的安装&lt;BR&gt;IDE虽然不常用了，但是有时候还是需要的，感觉几年前除了VS，在windows下也没有什么太好的选择，前面说过dev-C++也不怎么欣赏，现在那就eclipse吧，总的来说eclipse的设计和实用性还是相当到位的，目前也运用的越来越广，特别是java社群。当然它目前已经不在是一个简单的java的开发工具了，比如你想支持c/C++只要去当一个CDT,解压后将插件和特性的东西加到eclipse下对应的目录就可以了。eclipse主页也有直接打包好的东西可以用，当然它的运行需要jdk的支持，你也需要配置一些环境变量，都很简单的，网上文章比较多。顺便说一下其实eclipse插件开发是一件很有意思，也比较高效的事情，这玩艺应该很有前途吧。&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;现在我的windows就一个开发人员的日常使用来说已经和linux没有什么区别了，不过没有少折腾，大的方面也就这么几块吧，呵呵&lt;img src ="http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/aggbug/29393.html" width = "1" height = "1" /&gt;</description></item><item><dc:creator>lostpencil</dc:creator><title>最近面试题之数据库结构调整</title><link>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/archive/2007/08/30/28934.html</link><pubDate>Wed, 29 Aug 2007 20:38:00 GMT</pubDate><guid>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/archive/2007/08/30/28934.html</guid><wfw:comment>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/comments/28934.html</wfw:comment><comments>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/archive/2007/08/30/28934.html#Feedback</comments><slash:comments>4</slash:comments><wfw:commentRss>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/comments/commentRss/28934.html</wfw:commentRss><trackback:ping>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/services/trackbacks/28934.html</trackback:ping><description>题目：数据库里面有一个表如下&lt;BR&gt;a(int) | b(int)&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;1|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 2&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;3|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 4&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 5|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 6&lt;BR&gt;..................&lt;BR&gt;希望根据该表生成一个新表如下&lt;BR&gt;c(int)&lt;BR&gt;１&lt;BR&gt;２&lt;BR&gt;３&lt;BR&gt;４&lt;BR&gt;５&lt;BR&gt;６&lt;BR&gt;......&lt;BR&gt;要求：&lt;BR&gt;１数据量很大，对效率要求比较高，希望用批处理的方式搞定&lt;BR&gt;２对空间没有要求，允许创建中间表甚至是物理表&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;解答：&lt;BR&gt;１　取出a列，加一个id列，生成中间表c1,id列为１开头步长为２的整数，也就是1 3 5 7......&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;２　同样取出b列，加一个id列，生成中间表c2,　２开头步长是２的整数，也就是2 4 6 8......&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;３　合并c1,c2为c&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;点评：没有太大的新意，软件开发灵感很重要吧&lt;img src ="http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/aggbug/28934.html" width = "1" height = "1" /&gt;</description></item><item><dc:creator>lostpencil</dc:creator><title>最近的面试题之数组排序</title><link>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/archive/2007/08/30/28933.html</link><pubDate>Wed, 29 Aug 2007 20:09:00 GMT</pubDate><guid>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/archive/2007/08/30/28933.html</guid><wfw:comment>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/comments/28933.html</wfw:comment><comments>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/archive/2007/08/30/28933.html#Feedback</comments><slash:comments>28</slash:comments><wfw:commentRss>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/comments/commentRss/28933.html</wfw:commentRss><trackback:ping>http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/services/trackbacks/28933.html</trackback:ping><description>&lt;FONT style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #000000" color=#ffffff&gt;题目：有一个数组里面里面的元素是０和非０的整数字混排，希望进行排序后所有的０放在数组前端，所有非０数字顺序不变放在数组后端．（主要考思维吧）&lt;BR&gt;要求：&lt;BR&gt;１，不能增加新的缓存（也就是不能用另外的数组或者字符串等结构来存储中间结果）．&lt;BR&gt;２，只能用一次单循环．&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT color=#ffffff&gt;&lt;FONT style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #000000"&gt;&lt;STRONG&gt;分析&lt;/STRONG&gt;：１，因为上述两个要求，则只能在循环到每个元素的时候就把它放到正确的位置．&lt;BR&gt;　　　２，对于结果数组来说，有效的是非０数和其顺序，０没有意义．&lt;BR&gt;　　　３，按照常规思维来做其实不是很好想，虽然感觉答案就在眼前但是始终不好确定，特别是在面试这种相对有点压力的情况下（考官眼巴巴的望着你，根本就不好意思想很久），换另外一个题&amp;#8220;非０数放前面，０放后面&amp;#8221;就简单的多了。&lt;BR&gt;&lt;STRONG&gt;算法&lt;/STRONG&gt;：判断当次循环的数，非０的话就移动到非零数个数的位置，然后将这个数赋０，０就不用管了。&lt;BR&gt;&lt;STRONG&gt;解答&lt;/STRONG&gt;：假设数组arr[length],定义一个变量a，记录当前循环所遇见的非０数的个数，&lt;BR&gt;a=0;&lt;BR&gt;for(i=0;i&amp;lt;length;ｉ＋＋)｛&lt;BR&gt;　 if(0!=arr[i]){&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;arr[a] = arr[i];&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; arr[i] = 0;&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; ++a;&lt;BR&gt;　　}&lt;BR&gt;}&lt;BR&gt;这样比较简单的思维就搞定了，非０放后面的话无非就是数组的反序循环了．&lt;BR&gt;&lt;STRONG&gt;点评&lt;/STRONG&gt;：感觉题目难就难在很难想到要反序循环数组，紧张的情况下思维也没有这么明了，容易按常规乱试，感觉就快出来了，但是始终有点不对。&lt;BR&gt;（我当时是急发汗了）&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;img src ="http://blog.vckbase.com/lostpencil/aggbug/28933.html" width = "1" height = "1" /&gt;</description></item></channel></rss>