碧水蓝天

微软二进制Office文档格式已公开

碧水蓝天 — Tue, 19 Feb 2008 10:13:00 GMT

下载地址:
http://www.microsoft.com/interop/docs/OfficeBinaryFormats.mspx

试用Adobe connect--adobe的网络会议软件

碧水蓝天 — Mon, 19 Nov 2007 11:19:00 GMT

Adobe Connect实际上就是Macromedia公司的网络会议软件Breeze.Adobe收购Macromedia之后,对他进行了升级,在今年9月份的时候改名发布.
这段时间正好开发免费试用,于是申请了个帐号,体验了一下adobe connect.
总的来说,他是一款不错的视频会议软件.基于flash技术开发,界面很不错,功能也很全,基本上视频会议系统有的他都有了,包括视音频、电子白板、应用程序共享、文档共享、文件共享.性能方面可能是跟我的网络有关,有点慢.电子白板是基于flash技术的,功能简单,但一般的演示应该可以应付了.文档共享整个上传、转换、加载过程比较耗时,支持的文件格式有些少,不支持WORD,EXECL,连他自己的PDF格式文档也不支持,有点遗憾.值得一提的是,他对PPT的支持很好,转换后可以保持原有文档的动画特效.应用程序共享效果也不理想,延时比较大.
在adobe connect中,可以看到flash技术的强大,应用前景非常广阔.

跨平台库--PWLib入门(转)

碧水蓝天 — Tue, 16 Oct 2007 12:24:00 GMT

跨平台库--PWLib入门

PWLib是Portable Windows Library的缩写,翻译为轻便的Windows类库.PWLib采用C++编写,设计初衷是为了能让Openh323在Windows和Unix的X-Windows下运行, 不过随着一步步的完善PWLib已经被跨平台的程序所广泛采用.在最新的Pandora版本中,Equivalence已经停止了PWLib中GUI部分的开发,全面转向了更能为Openh323所利用的PTLib,GUI部分交给了wxWindows来完成.PWLib主要功能侧向网络,I/O和多线程,主要用在高性能的可移植网络程序.

PWLib分为两部分:基类部分和控制台部分.基类部分主要包括网络,多线程,ASN等...,所有使用PWLib的应用程序必然用到基类部分.而控制台部分则定义了一些基本的数据和设备类型,它是可选的,不过要方便移植的话还是要用到它.
下面从Hello World开始说PWLib框架:
#include <ptlib.h> //所用使用PWLib都用包含的头文件

class Hello : public PProcess          //继承主线程类PProcess
{
PCLASSINFO(Hello, PProcess)    //连接PProcess的运行时函数
public:
        void Main();                          //主线程是从PProcess的Main()开始的
};

PCREATE_PROCESS(Hello) //定义Main()函数和初始化Hello类

void Hello::Main()
{
cout << "Hello world!\n";
}
下面详细介绍各个类:
基本对象类:
PObject - PWLib中的根类,所有的类都派生于此
PContainer - 抽象容器类
PAbstractArray - 所有数组对象的基类
PAbstractList - 所有列表对象的基类
PAbstractDictionary - 字典对象的基类
PString - 字符类,在Openh323中随处可见

I/O通道类
PChannel - I/O通道的基类,下面类都派生于此
PIndirectChannel - 可以交换的操作不同的I/O通道
PConsoleChannel - 进入系统命令行的通道
PPipeChannel - 在当前进程和子进程剪建立管道
PSerialChannel - 串口通信通道
PFile - 文件操作类.
PTextFile - 文本文件操作类
PStructuredFile - 结构文件操作类,不同操作文件类型都不尽相同
PFilePath -对文件的路径描述的类
PVideoChannel - 视频的输入,输出通道,采用YUV格式
PSoundChannel - 音频的输入,输出通道,使用线性的PCM通道

套接字类:
PSocket - 套接字的基类,所有网络操作类派生于此
PIPSocket - IP协议层的描述类
PUDPSocket - IP协议中UDP描述类
PTCPSocket - IP协议中TCP/IP描述类
PICMPSocket - IP协议中ICMP描述类
PIPXSocket - IPX协议的基类
PEthSocket - 底层的以为网接口类,可以直接操作底层数据包

进程和线程类:
PProcess - 实现程序的主线程控制类
PServiceProcess - 后台程序或系统进程使用的类
PThread - 普通线程的控制类
PSemaphore - 使用信号量的线程同步类
PMutex - 使用互斥对象的线程同步类
PCriticalSection - 使用临界区的线程同步类
PSyncPoint - 使用事件的线程同步类
PAtomicInteger - 描述了信号量及PV操作

其他杂类:
PArgList - 命令行参数类
PConfig - 存储应用程序的配置内容
PTime - 时间和日期的抽象类
PTimeInterval - 以毫秒为单位的记时类
PDynaLink - 动态连接类
PRemoteConnection - 网络连接控制类
PMail - 调用系统默认程序发邮件
PPluginManager - 插件管理模块
PSmartPointer - 智能指令类
PNotifier - 通告类,可以调用任何类的任何函数
PSmartNotifierFunction - 智能的通告函数类,使用对象ID

控制台部分:

HTTP协议类:
PHTTP - HTTP协议基类
PURL - URL的具体描述
PHTML - HTML的具体描述
PHTTPServiceProcess - 后台的HTTP服务程序类

其他协议类
PInternetProtocol - Interner文本协议基类
PPOP3 - POP3协议的基类
PSMTMP - SMTP协议的基类
PFTP - FTP协议的基类
PMIMEInfo - 描述MIME信息
PTelnetSocket - 描述TELNET协议
PSocksProtocol - Socks协议的基类
PSTUNClient - 实现STUN登陆操作
PSNMP - SNMP协议的基类
PSSLChannel - 在OpenSSL基础上建立的SSL协议类
PSASL - 在Cyrus SASL基础上建立的SAS协议L类
PXMLRPC - 在XML和HTTP基础上建立的XMLRPC协议描述
PSOAPClient - 实现SOAP登陆
PLDAPSession - 使用OpenLDAP进行LDAP登陆
PILSSession - 使用OpenLDAP进行ILS登陆
XMPP::Stream - 实现XMPP(Jabber)流

其他杂类:
PModem -操作Modem,使用AT命令和Modem串口通信
PIpAccessControlList - 子网掩码的描述
PRandom - 产生随机数类
PCypher - 不同编码的解码和编码
PWAVFile - AIFF格式的WAV文件操作类
PDTMFDecoder - 对PCM流进行DTMF解码
PMemoryFile - 让数据存储在内存中
PSDLVideoDevice - 使用SDL库实现视频设备
PXML - XML的解析器
PVXMLChannel - VXML的解析器

用Ping命令测试MTU大小

碧水蓝天 — Mon, 10 Sep 2007 01:31:00 GMT

测试本地ISP的MTU大小可以通过简单的Ping命令实现。
如:ping –l 14xx –f www.163.com

参数说明：　　
* –l 14xx参数：发送一个定长数据包，14xx是要测试的包大小，ADSL的MTU一般在1450与1492之间，在测试过程中需要不断调整该值

* –f 参数：通知操作系统不能私自更改该数据包大小

* www.163.com：任意一台Internet上的主机，也可使用其它主机名或IP地址

输入此命令后，观看反馈结果。结果可能有两种：
1、Packet needs to be fragmented but DF set.提示数据包过大需要分片。
2、有正确的应答。
通过这两个结果，可以使用二分法手工调整数据包大小，直到找到临界值,在临界值上+28就得到本地ISP MTU的大小。

SDL:一个自由的跨平台的多媒体开发包

碧水蓝天 — Fri, 31 Aug 2007 04:04:00 GMT

SDL是什么？

SDL是一个自由的跨平台的多媒体开发包。

适用于游戏、游戏SDK、演示软件、模拟器、 MPEG播放器和其他应用软件。

它的详细介绍在下面的链接中可以找到:
http://www.libsdl.org/intro.cn/

操作系统桌面效果比武：Vista VS Ubuntu(转贴)

碧水蓝天 — Fri, 20 Apr 2007 03:47:00 GMT

作者：Haohappy 来源：PHPEye.com 2007-04-19 最后更新：2007-04-19 10:47:43

毫无疑问，两个都很帅，不过显然Ubuntu更酷一些。

视频地址：
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xC5uEe5OzNQ

C++ Coding Standard (2007-01-09)

碧水蓝天 — Thu, 19 Apr 2007 02:44:00 GMT

http://www.possibility.com/Cpp/CppCodingStandard.html

软件设计中的可用性(转贴)

碧水蓝天 — Thu, 12 Apr 2007 03:53:00 GMT

软件设计中的可用性

Microsoft Corporation
2000年10月

摘要：本文介绍了可用性的概念，说明为什么可用性应当是所有软件设计项目中的一个重要部分。

简介

在工作中体现可用性

在创建软件的环境中，术语“可用性”表示一种方法，它将用户而不是系统摆在过程的中心。这一方法称作以用户为中心的设计，它从设计过程的一开始就将用户关心的问题和意见考虑在内，并提出在任何设计决策中用户的需要都应摆在首位。

这种方法最显著的特点就是可用性测试。在测试中，用户使用产品的界面进行工作，通过界面进行交互，就他们的观点和关心的问题与设计人员和开发人员进行交流。

本文讨论了可用性的概念，并讨论了为什么可用性在所有软件设计项目中都是一个重要部分。本文的第一部分定义了在软件开发环境中可用性意味着什么，以及它与衡量产品价值的其它方面间的关联。第二部分回答了一些常见的问题，包括：为什么可用性很重要，以及如何在开发过程中体现以用户为中心的设计理念等。本文在结尾处列出了一些书籍、论文和组织机构名称，帮助您加深对可用性的了解，并在项目中应用可用性。

本文中讨论的大部分概念在零售和内部软件开发中均有所应用。在阅读本文时，请注意“用户”和“产品”等词语，并思考如何将其应用到您的项目和最终用户中。

可用性定义

易于使用

可用性是衡量使用一种产品来执行指定任务的难易程度的尺度，它与实用性和受欢迎度等相关概念是有差异的。

可用性与实用性

决定产品可接受性的核心属性是其有用性，它用于评价实际使用产品时，是否能达到设计人员期望产品实现的目标。有用性的概念可以进一步划分为实用性和可用性。虽然这些术语间有联系，但它们却不能相互替代。

实用性指产品执行任务的能力。根据设计，产品执行的任务越多，其实用性就越高。

让我们以二十世纪八十年代末问世的典型 Microsoft® MS-DOS® 字处理程序为例。此类程序提供了多种强大的文本编辑和处理功能，但需要用户学习和记忆几十个令人费解的按键后才能执行这些功能。可以说此类应用程序具有很高的实用性（它们为用户提供了必要的功能），但其可用性却较差（用户必须花费大量的时间和精力来学习和使用它们）。与之形成对比的是，一个设计合理的简单的应用程序（如计算器）使用起来很容易，但其实用性却有欠缺。

这两种性质都是一种产品被市场接受所必需的，而且它们都是总的有用性概念的一部分。显然，若程序很好用但没有什么有价值的功能，那么没有人会使用它；如果程序的功能强大但却很难使用，那么用户也很可能会拒绝这个程序而转向其它的替代品。

可用性测试帮助您判断用户使用产品执行特殊任务的难易程度。但是，它并不能直接帮助您判断产品自身是否有价值、是否实用（在可用性测试中，用户可能会主动提出一些关于实用性的意见，但任何意见都应通过其它更可靠的研究方法予以验证）。

喜欢它与使用它

受欢迎度往往表示产品中可取的特性。如果人们喜欢某产品，就更有可能使用它，并将它推荐给其他人。但是，与实用性一样，您一定要小心不要将受欢迎度和可用性混淆。

人们喜欢某产品的原因往往与实用性和可用性无关。他们可能被产品的样式和引人注目的外观吸引，或被心目中所赐予的该产品的地位吸引。人们倾向于喜欢很好用的产品，但这并不是说人们普遍喜爱的产品就是可用的。

可用性是指人们是否可以使用该产品来执行他们需要执行的任务。可用性测试主要用于评价性能而不是评价喜爱程度，但标准化的调查问卷也可以用来衡量人们对产品的喜爱程度。

发现、学习与有效性

可用性包含很多方面，但通常这一术语特指发现、学习和有效性这三种属性。

发现表示针对某种特定的需要去寻找并找到产品的某一功能。可用性测试可用于确定用户找到某一功能所用的时间，以及在整个过程中用户犯了多少错误（关于定位的错误选择）。

学习表示用户弄清楚如何运用所发现的功能来完成现有任务的过程。可用性测试可以确定这个过程的长短，以及在学习该功能期间用户犯了多少错误。

有效性表示用户“掌握”了某项功能，不再需要进一步学习即可使用。可用性测试可以确定有经验的用户使用该功能时执行必要步骤所需的时间。

可用性的这三个基本方面在很大程度上受到当前任务性质和用户执行任务的频率的影响。有些功能的使用频率很低或者使用起来十分复杂，导致用户基本上每次使用时都要重新学习；对于这些功能，Microsoft 通常开发了使用向导，在整个使用过程中对用户予以指导。

光喊口号是不够的

软件设计人员有时以为简单的口号，如“使产品更可用”，就可以解决可用性问题。虽然对可用性的积极态度是重要的，但是只有在具体的产品创建环境中，通过对普通用户进行恰当的可用性测试，才能为设计人员提供所需的信息，使产品可以满足用户的需要。“使产品更可用”应当成为每个软件设计人员的座右铭，但是这句话只对那些了解“可用性”含义的设计人员才有意义。而对普通用户进行测试就是可以找到的最可靠的途径。

常见问题

为什么要强调可用性问题呢？

如果您还没有在产品设计过程中将可用性因素考虑在内，您可能会问：可用性为什么是必要的，或可用性为什么是可取的？毕竟，不进行任何可用性工作，也可能发售一个可以工作的、没有错误的产品。但是，通过引入以用户为中心的设计理念可以使产品在很多方面得以很大改进。

减少用户拨打技术支持电话的次数是执行可用性测试的最佳理由。较差的可用性是用户拨打软件技术支持热线的主因，而每个软件公司主管以及信息服务经理都知道产品支持的成本是多么昂贵。此外，用户不得不寻求技术支持增加了用户对产品的潜在不满情绪。如果用户发现贵公司的产品使用起来十分容易，那么他们就不必频繁地打电话寻求技术支持了。

对于内部使用的软件，之所以将可用性作为开发过程中的一个重要部分，其原因还在于它减少了培训费用。对用户而言，可用性强的软件学习起来比可用性不受重视的产品学习起来要容易得多。用户能够更快地了解产品的各项功能，并能长久地掌握它，这直接减少了培训费用和时间。

可用性测试有助于促进用户对产品的接受程度。有很多因素决定了用户对产品的接受程度，这些因素包括可用性、实用性和受欢迎度。对于零售产品，用户的接受程度往往直接影响对产品的重复购买或对产品的忠诚度，这说明用户可能将产品推荐给其他人。对于内部应用程序，用户的接受程度决定用户是否愿意使用该软件执行任务，而这些软件就是针对这些任务设计的，这有助于提高生产效率。提高可用性是提高用户对产品的接受程度的一个因素。

可用性可将您的产品与您的竞争对手的产品区分开来。如果两个产品在实用性方面从本质上讲是一样的，那么人们很可能认为可用性更好的产品高出一筹。此外，由于 Microsoft® Windows® 的外观和感受以及随附的编程准则划定了基本用户界面的使用区域的标准，因此很多执行相似功能的程序其外观与操作在相当大的程度上是相似的。这些相似性表明，即使可用性上的细微差异也会对用户的喜好产生重大的影响。

最后请记住，每个产品最终都要进行可用性测试。用户每次使用您的产品时，都是在对它进行可用性测试，而他们对可用性优劣的意见将会影响他们是否继续使用该产品。将产品推向市场之前，对产品进行测试，可以有助于确保用户对产品的满意程度。

它的花费是多少？

软件设计人员和项目经理往往担心，如果采用以用户为中心的设计过程并执行适当的可用性测试，恐怕要占用大量的时间并花费大量的金钱。事实上，花费在关注用户方面的时间和金钱通常是相当少的，而且与不这样做而导致的花费相比，这点花费也是微不足道的。

例如，设想一下在开发周期的后期而不是在前期（产品仍处在开发阶段时）对设计进行修正您要花费多少时间和金钱吧！如果您一直等到 Beta 测试时期才使用户接触到产品以便进行可用性测试，就会发现自己不得不将花费了大量时间开发的程序的各部分分拆重做。而若等到产品真正发布时，如果要根据负面反馈进行修改或支持较差的设计，因为产品支持的庞大开销或用户对产品的接受程度较差等原因，很可能要支付高昂的费用。

合理的可用性研究通常只需要两周或更短的时间，并可以显著减少开发周期后期进行修改所需的时间和金钱。进行测试所需的花费将根据您的产品的性质以及所测试的界面部分的不同而有所不同。

可以认为可用性测试与代码测试是类似的。成功的项目经理在计划开发项目时总是会考虑到代码测试。他们并不认为代码测试是项目时间表或预算外的额外部分，而是将代码测试作为开发过程的一部分而计入成本。因为若不进行代码测试，那么花费反而会高得多。对于可用性测试，情况也是如此。

怎样获得可用性？

在理解可用性的重要性基础上，软件设计人员有时试图“获得”一些可用性，就好象可用性是一种成分，他们可以简单地把它添加到产品中，这样产品就更可用了。然而，可用性应当是设计过程本身的一部分，不是您可以在设计过程的随便某一地方添加的“东西”。可用性专家提到“用户关注的”与“以用户为中心的设计”的原因是：可用性取决于将用户的需要一直作为设计过程的中心。以用户为中心的设计根据需要的不同，包含的内容不单单是在界面中按照一组规则，对按钮和菜单布置进行管理。可用性测试是对设计工作进行检查的良机，而不是在产品中“添加”可用性的一种方法。

Gould、Boies 和 Lewis (1991) 为以用户为中心的设计定义了 4 个重要的原则：

及早以用户为中心：设计人员应当在设计过程的早期就致力于了解用户的需要。
综合设计：设计的所有方面应当齐头并进的发展，而不是顺次发展。使产品的内部设计与用户界面的需要始终保持一致。
及早并持续性地进行测试：当前对软件测试的唯一可行的方法是根据经验总结出的方法，即若实际用户认为设计是可行的，它就是可行的。通过在开发的全过程引入可用性测试，可以使用户有机会在产品推出之前就设计提供反馈意见。
反复式设计：大问题往往会掩盖小问题的存在。设计人员和开发人员应当在整个测试过程中反复对设计进行修改。

为什么应当将用户融入进来？

设计人员应当认识到他们自己不是普通的用户。与一般的用户相比，他们对正在开发的系统有着更深入的了解。因此，对大多数用户而言不明确或造成混淆的界面，可能对那些从事项目设计工作的人员来说是非常清晰的。某些软件设计人员可以在一定程度上代表普通用户，但他们绝对不能代替实际使用产品的真正用户。

因此，通过在早期关注普通用户的需要，并根据用户测试结果经常改进设计，以用户为中心的软件设计人员会提出更好的设计，并生产出更好的产品。

更好的设计将得到用户更好的认可。零售软件增加买进点的利益是很明显的：这增加了销售额。对于为内部使用而开发的软件，认可也是十分重要的：买进点增加将导致生产效率增加，并减少了对技术支持的需求。显然，从开发的一开始就将用户融入进来，并向用户表明您看重他们所关心的问题和需求，这将使用户更愿意协助您开发出更好的软件。

遵循这些准则就足够了吗？

Microsoft 为 Windows 计算平台开发了一系列界面准则，以此确保 Windows 程序具有一致的外观和感受。其它公司为非 Windows 计算平台开发了类似的准则，并且象 Jakob Nielsen 这样的专家撰写了大量关于设计可用 Web 页的文章。通过关于这些主题的大量信息，设计人员有时认为生产可用产品所需的全部工作就是严格遵守准则和规范。

这种想法的错误之处在于：准则在本质上是通用的。准则必须应用到各种各样不同的情况之中，因此它不能总是针对您正在设计的特定的应用程序制订最佳的行动方案。遵守一组合理编写的准则有助于您设计出风格一致的界面，但是您不能保证它是可用的，除非通过真正的用户对它进行了测试。当您的确要使用准则时，不要象使用详尽的说明书一样，希望根据准则执行的方法所生成的所有结果都是最好的。两个设计人员可以用两种不同的方法实施同一个准则，而两种实施方案对特定情况却不一定同等适用。而且，有时候严格遵守准则可能导致很差的结果，或在准则之间发生冲突。只有采用以用户为中心的设计，才可以在问题产生前排除它们。

对这个问题的另一种理解方式是：应当使以用户为中心的设计理念成为设计决策的决定因素，而不是以用户界面准则为决定因素。

是否需要创建可用性实验室？

不要以为可用性测试就意味着创建昂贵的实验室，在天花板上安装摄像机，安装单向镜，以及采用其它以小组为中心的设陷技术。的确，进行大量测试的公司通常认为建立专用的实验室十分方便，并且可用性顾问往往可以为客户提供各种各样的设施和设备，但您也可以在各种各样的设置和环境中执行有用、有效的可用性测试。

一种方法只需要一个测试人员（该测试人员对有人参与的研究工作与数据收集十分精通），在用户工作时坐在用户后面观察用户如何执行任务，这在会议室或办公室里就可以轻而易举地办到。Dumas 和 Redish (1999) 提供了大量关于使用观察法进行测试的信息。

随着可用性测试的进一步进行，您可以添加诸如摄像机、单向镜等设备，或其它帮助实时观察和记录用户显示器的工具。不必一下子添加所有的设备，即使一件一件地添加，也可以使您从可用性测试中获得更多有价值的东西。

另一种方法是，您可以将测试外包给可用性顾问。关于为您寻找合适顾问的几点提示信息，请参见下文的“我如何开始？”。

我如何开始？

一旦您决定将以用户为中心的设计原理运用到您的开发过程中，就需要决定是自己雇佣可用性专业人员还是将可用性测试外包给供应商。

可用性专业人员协会 (UPA) 有一份供应商指南，有助于找到为您执行测试的可用性顾问。

有些咨询部门还可以帮助您创建您自己的可用性实验室或开发内部的可用性程序，在您的设计过程中引入可用性理念。

如果您宁愿自己雇佣可用性专业人员，那么 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 有职业介绍服务，使您可以找到潜在的雇员。很多可用性专业人员还属于 ACM Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction (SIGCHI) 和 UPA，您也可以在他们的出版物和会刊上刊登招聘广告。

无论您选择哪种途径，请记住：您将要雇佣的是测试服务人员，而不是那些自己访问您的界面，并告诉您界面上有哪些错误的人员。设计人员不是普通用户的原则同样也适用于可用性专业人员。

关于这些公司和组织的信息，请参见下文的“资源”，您从中可以找到更多的关于可用性测试和以用户为中心的设计的内容。

资源

文献和书籍

Beyer、Hugh 和 Karen Holtzblatt。Contextual Design: Defining Customer-Centered Systems。San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann, 1997。(ISBN: 1558604111)

Dumas、Joseph S. 和 Janice C. Redish。A Practical Guide to Usability Testing。 London: Intellect Books, 1999。(ISBN: 1841500208)

Gould、John D.、Stephen J. Boies 和 Clayton Lewis。"Making Usable, Useful, Productivity: Enhancing Computer Applications。" Communications of the ACM (January 1991): 72-86。

Hackos、JoAnn T. 和 Janice C. Redish。User and Task Analysis for Interface Design。New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1998。(ISBN: 0471178314)

Nielsen, Jakob。Usability Engineering。Boston: AP Professional, 1994。(ISBN: 0125184069)

Shneiderman 和 Ben。Designing the User Interface: Strategies for Effective Human-Computer Interaction。Reading, MA: Addison Wesley, 1998。(ISBN: 0201694972)

组织

ACM Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction (SIGCHI)（英文）：UI 从业者的最大的组织。
英国 HCI 小组（英文）：英国计算机协会的专家组。有关合约资源请参见顾问目录。
人文因素和人类工程学组织（英文）。
可用性专家协会（英文）：参见其顾问目录以获得合约资源。

其它联机资源

HCI 书目（英文）：人机交互出版物与资源。
Microsoft 用户经验与 UI 设计资源（英文）。
Useit.com（英文）

CFileDialog的又一Bug

碧水蓝天 — Thu, 18 Jan 2007 04:53:00 GMT

由于文件对话框的显示位置比较混乱，实在难看，于是想让其居中显示，从CFileDialog派生了自己的类,然后重载CFileDialog::OnInitDone(),
代码如下：
void CMyFileDialogEx::OnInitDone()
{
CFileDialog::OnInitDone();

CenterWindow(GetDesktopWindow());
}
竟然没反应，位置还是很混乱，到网上找了一圈还是没找到有效的解决方法．
改为如下代码，竟然可以居中了，不过无法理解，而且这段代码对其父窗口的位置无影响...
void CMyFileDialogEx::OnInitDone()
{
CFileDialog::OnInitDone();

GetParent()->CenterWindow(GetDesktopWindow());
}

开发环境：vs2003, winxp+sp2

Almost Every file format in the world（转贴）

碧水蓝天 — Thu, 24 Aug 2006 03:47:00 GMT

对每一种文件格式进行了简单的描述，只可惜没有文件格式的详细文档．
转自：http://www.ace.net.nz/tech/TechFileFormat.html#Top

Almost Every file format in the world!
A

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z No#

ABK	Corel Draw AutoBackup
ACL	Corel Draw 6 keyboard accelerator
ACM	Used by Windows in the system directory
ACP	Microsoft Office Assistant Preview file
ACT	Microsoft Office Assistant Actor file
ACV	OS/2 drivers that compress and decompress audio data
AD	After Dark screensaver
ADB	Appointment database used by HP 100LX organizer
ADD	OS/2 adapter drivers used in the boot process
ADM	After Dark MultiModule screensaver
ADP	Used by FaxWorks to do setup for fax modem interaction
ADR	After Dark Randomizer screensaver
AFM	Adobe font metrics
AF2	ABC Flowchart file
AF3	ABC Flowchart file
AI	Adobe Illustrator drawing
AIF	Apple Mac AIFF sound
ALB	JASC Image Commander album
ALL	Arts & Letters Library
AMS	Velvert Studio music module (MOD) file
ANC	Canon Computer Pattern Maker file that is a selectable list of pattern colors
ANI	Animated Cursor
ANS	ANSI text
API	Application Program Interface file; used by Adobe Acrobat
APR	Lotus Approach 97 file
APS	Microsoft Visual C++ file
ARC	LH ARC (old version) compressed archive
ARJ	Robert Jung ARJ compressed archive
ART	Xara Studio drawing
ART	Canon Crayola art file
ASA	Microsoft Visual InterDev file
ASC	ASCII text
ASD	WinWord AutoSave
ASM	Assembler language source file
ASP	Active Server Page (an HTML file containing a Microsoft server-processed script)
ASP	Procomm Plus setup and connection script
AST	Claris Works "assistant" file
ATT	AT&T Group 4 bitmap
AVI	Microsoft Video for Windows movie
AWD	FaxView document

B Top
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z No#

BAK	Backup file
BAS	BASIC code
BAT	Batch file
BFC	Windows 95 Briefcase document
BG	Backgammon for Windows game
BI	Binary file
BIF	GroupWise initialization file
BIN	Binary file
BK	Sometimes used to denote backup versions
BK$	Also sometimes used to denote backup versions
BKS	An IBM BookManager Read bookshelf
BMK	An A bookmark file
BMP	Windows or OS/2 bitmap
BM1	Apogee BioMenace data file
BRX	A file for browsing an index of multimedia options
BSP	Quake map
BS1	Apogee Blake Stone data file
BTM	Batch file used by Norton Utilities
B4	Helix Nuts and Bolts file

C Top
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z No#

C	C code
CAB	Microsoft cabinet file (program files compressed for software distribution)
CAL	CALS Compressed Bitmap
CAL	Calendar schedule data
CAS	Comma-delimited ASCII file
CAT	IntelliCharge categorization file used by Quicken
CB	Microsoft clean boot file
CCB	Visual Basic Animated Button configuration
CCF	Multimedia Viewer configuration file used in OS/2
CCH	Corel Chart
CCM	Lotus CC:Mail "box" (for example, INBOX.CCM)
CDA	CD Audio Track
CDF	Microsoft Channel Definition Format file
CDI	Phillips Compact Disk Interactive format
CDR	Core Draw drawing
CDT	Corel Draw template
CDX	Corel Draw compressed drawing
CEL	CIMFast Event Language file
CFB	Comptons Multimedia file
CFG	Configuration file
CGI	Common Gateway Interface script file
CGM	Computer Graphics Metafile
CH	OS/2 configuration file
CHK	File fragments saved by Windows Disk Defragmenter or ScanDisk
CHP	Ventura Publisher chapter
CIL	Clip Gallery download package
CIM	Sim City 200 file
CIN	OS/2 change control file that tracks changes to an INI file
CK1	iD/Apogee Commander Keen 1 data file
CK2	iD/Apogee Commander Keen 2 data file
CK3	iD/Apogee Commander Keen 3 data file
CK4	iD/Apogee Commander Keen 4 data file
CK5	iD/Apogee Commander Keen 5 data file
CK6	iD/Apogee Commander Keen 6 data file
CLASS	Java class
CLP	Windows Clipboard file
CLS	Visual Basic Class Module
CMD	Command file for Windows NT (similar to a DOS .BAT file)
CMD	DOS CP/M command file
CMD	dBase-II program file
CMF	Corel Metafile
CMP	JPEG Bitmap
CMP	Address document
CMV	Corel Move animation
CMX	Corel Presentation Exchange image
CNF	Configuration file used by Telnet, Windows, and other applications
CNM	Windows application menu options and setup file
CNQ	Compuworks Design Shop file
CNT	Windows (or other) system content files for the help index and other purposes
COB	trueSpace2 object
COD	Microsoft C compiler output as displayable assembler with original C as comments
COM	Command file (program)
CPD	Fax Cover document
CPE	Fax Cover document
CPI	Microsoft MS-DOS code page information file
CPL	Control Panel extension
CPL	Corel colour palette
CPP	C++ code
CPR	Corel Presents Presentation
CPT	Corel Photo-Paint image
CPX	Corel Presentation Exchange Compressed drawing
CRD	Cardfile file
CRP	Corel Presents Run-Time Presentation
CRT	Certificate file
CSC	Corel Script
CSP	PC Emcee On-Screen image
CSV	Comma-separated values file
CT	Scitex CT Bitmap
CTL	Used in general to mean a file containing control information.
CUE	Microsoft Cue Cards data
CUR	Windows Cursor
CUT	Dr Halo bitmap
CV	Corel Versions archive
CV	Microsoft CodeView information screen
CWK	Claris Works data file
CWS	Claris Works template
CXX	C++ source code file

D Top
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z No#

DAT	Data file
DAT	WordPerfect Merge Data
DBF	Aston-Tate dBASE database
DBX	DataBeam image
DCR	Shockwave file
DCS	Desktop Color Separation file
DCX	Fax image (based on PCX)
DDF	BTRIEVE database
DEF	SmartWare II data file
DEF	C++ Definition
DER	Certificate file
DIB	Device-Independent Bitmap
DIC	Dictionary
DIF	Data Interchange Format spreadsheet
DIR	Macromedia Director file
DIZ	Description file
DLG	C++ Dialogue Script
DLL	Dynamic-Link Library
DMF	X-Trakker music module (MOD) file
DOC	FrameMaker or FrameBuilder document
DOC	WordStar document
DOC	WordPerfect document
DOC	Microsoft Word document
DOT	Microsoft Word document Template
DPR	Borland Delphi project header file
DRV	Driver
DRW	Micrografx Designer/Draw
DSG	DooM saved game
DSM	Dynamic Studio music module (MOD) file
DSP	Microsoft Developer Studio project
DSQ	Corel QUERY file
DSW	Microsoft Developer Studio workspace
DWG	AutoCAD drawing eXchange format
DXF	AutoDesk Drawing Interchange format

E Top
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z No#

EMF	Enhanced Windows Metafile
ENC	Encore file
EPS	Encapsulated PostScript image
ER1	ERWin file
ERX	ERWin file
EVY	Envoy document
EWL	Microsoft Encarta document
EXE	Executable file (program)

F Top
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z No#

F	FORTRAN file
F77	FORTRAN file
F90	FORTRAN file
FAR	Farandole Composer music module (MOD) file
FAV	Microsoft Outlook navigation bar
FAX	FAX Type image
FH3	Aldus Freehand 3 drawing
FIF	Fractal image file
FITS	CCD camera image
FLC	AutoDesk FLIC animation
FLI	AutoDesk FLIC animation
FLT	Corel filter
FLT	StarTrekker music module (MOD) file
FMB	Oracle binary source code for form, version 4.0 and later
FMT	Oracle text format of form, version 4.0 and later
FMT	Microsoft Schedule+ print file
FMX	Oracle executable form, version 4.0 and later
FOG	Fontographer font
FON	System font
FOR	FORTRAN file
FOT	Font-related file
FP	FileMaker Pro file
FP1	Flying Pigs for Windows data file
FP3	FileMaker Pro file
FPX	FlashPix bitmap
FRM	Form
FRM	FrameMaker or FrameBuilder document
FRM	Oracle executable form version 3.0 and earlier
FRM	Visual Basic form
FRM	WordPerfect Merge form
FRX	Visual Basic form stash file

G Top
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z No#

GAL	Corel Multimedia Manager album
GCP	Ground Control Point file used in image processing of remote sensing data .
GED	Graphic Environment Document (drawing)
GEM	GEM metafile
GEN	Ventura-Generated text file
GFC	Patton&Patton Flowcharting 4 flowchart file
GFI	Genigraphics Graphics Link presentation
GFX	Genigraphics Graphics Link presentation
GID	Windows 95 global index file (containing help status)
GIF	CompuServe bitmap
GIM	Genigraphics Graphics Link presentation
GIX	Genigraphics Graphics Link presentation
GNA	Genigraphics Graphics Link presentation
GNX	Genigraphics Graphics Link presentation
GRA	Microsoft Graph
GRD	Grid file, used in image processing of remote sensing data often to form map projections.
GRP	Program Manager Group
GTK	Graoumftracker (old) music module (MOD) file
GT2	Graoumftracker (new) music module (MOD) file
GWX	Genigraphics Graphics Link presentation
GWZ	Genigraphics Graphics Link presentation
GZ	Unix Gzip compressed file

H Top
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z No#

H	C program header
HED	HighEdit document
HEL	Microsoft Hellbender saved game
HEX	Macintosh BinHex 2.0 file
HGL	HP Graphics Language drawing
HLP	Help file
HOG	Lucas Arts Dark Forces WAD file
HPJ	Visual Basic Help Project
HPP	C++ program header
HQX	Macintosh BinHex 4.0 file
HST	History file
HT	HyperTerminal
HTM	Hypertext document
HTML	Hypertext document
HTX	Extended HTML template

I Top
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z No#

ICA	Citrix file
ICB	Targa bitmap
ICM	Image Color Matching profile file
ICO	Windows Icon
IDD	MIDI Instrument Definition
IDQ	Internet Data Query file
IFF	Amiga ILBM
IGF	Inset Systems metafile
IIF	QuickBooks for Windows interchange file
IMA	WinImage file
IMG	GEM image
INC	Assembler language or Active Server include file
INF	Information file
INI	Initialization file
INP	Oracle source code for form, version 3.0 and earlier
INS	InstallShield install script
INS	X-Internet sign-up file
ISO	Lists the files on a CD-ROM; based on the ISO 9660 CD-ROM file system standard
ISP	X-Internet sign-up file
ISU	InstallShield uninstall script
IT	Impulse Tracker music module (MOD) file
IW	Idlewild screensaver

J Top
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z No#

JAR	Java ARchive file (a compressed file for applets and related files)
JAVA	Java source code
JBF	Paint Shop Pro image browser file
JFF	JPEG bitmap
JIF	JPEG bitmap
JMP	SAS JMPDiscovery chart-to-statistics file
JN1	Epic MegaGames Jill of the Jungle data file
JPEG	JPEG bitmap
JPG	JPEG bitmap
JS	JavaScript source code
JTF	JPEG bitmap

K Top
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z No#

KDC	Kodak Photo-Enhancer
KFX	KoFax Group 4 image
KYE	Kye game data

L Top
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z No#

LBM	Deluxe Paint bitmap
LDB	Microsoft Access lock file
LEG	Legacy document
LHA	Alternate file suffix for LZH
LIB	Library
LIS	Output file produced by a Structured Query Reporting (SQR) program
LOG	Log file
LPD	Helix Nuts and Bolts file
LRC	Intel Video Phone file
LST	List file
LWO	Lightwave Object file
LWP	Lotus Wordpro 96/97 file
LZH	LH ARC compressed archive
LZS	Skyroads data file

M Top
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z No#

M3D	Corel Motion 3D animation
MAC	MacPaint image
MAD	Microsoft Access module
MAF	Microsoft Access Form
MAK	Visual Basic or MS Visual C++ Project
MAM	Microsoft Access Macro
MAP	Map file
MAP	Duke Nukem 3D WAD game file
MAQ	Microsoft Access Query
MAR	Microsoft Access Report
MAS	Lotus Freelance Graphics Smartmaster file
MAT	Microsoft Access Table
MAX	Paperport file
MAZ	Hover maze data
MB1	Apogee Monster Bash data file
MCC	Dialer10 calling card
MCS	MathCAD image
MCW	Microsoft Word for Macintosh document
MDA	Microsoft Access add-in
MDB	Microsoft Access database
MDE	Microsoft Access MDE file
MDL	Digital Tracker music module (MOD) file
MDL	Quake model file
MDN	Microsoft Access blank database template
MDW	Microsoft Access Workgroup
MDZ	Microsoft Access wizard template
MED	Music Editor, OctaMED music module (MOD) file
MER	Format for interchanging spreadsheet/database data; recognized by Filemaker, Excel, and others
MET	Presentation Manager metafile
MI	Miscellaneous
MIC	Microsoft Image Composer file
MID	MIDI music
MMF	Microsoft Mail File
MMM	Microsoft Multimedia Movie
MOD	FastTracker, StarTrekker, Noise Tracker (etc.) music module file
MOD	Microsoft Multiplan spreadsheet
MOV	QuickTime for Windows movie
MPE	MPEG animation
MPEG	MPEG animation
MPG	MPEG animation
MPP	Microsoft Project file
MPP	CAD drawing file format
MP3	MPEG Audio Layer 3 (AC3) file
MSG	Microsoft Mail message
MSN	Microsoft Network document
MSP	Microsoft Paint bitmap
MTM	MultiTracker music module (MOD) file
MUS	Music
MVB	Microsoft Multimedia Viewer file
MWP	Lotus Wordpro 97 Smartmaster file

N Top
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z No#

NAP	NAP Metafile
NCB	Microsoft Developer Studio file
NSF	Lotus Notes database
NST	Noise Tracker music module (MOD) file
NTF	Lotus Notes database template

O Top
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z No#

OBD	Microsoft Office binder template
OBD	Microsoft Office Binder
OBJ	Object file
OBZ	Microsoft Office Binder Wizard
OCX	Microsoft Object Linking and Embedding custom control
OFN	Microsoft Office FileNew file
OFT	Microsoft Outlook template
OKT	Oktalyzer music module (MOD) file
OLB	OLE Object Library
OLE	OLE object
OPT	Microsoft Developer Studio file
ORG	Lotus Organiser file
OR2	Lotus Organiser 2 file
OR3	Lotus Organiser 97 file

P Top
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z No#

P10	Tektronix Plot 10 drawing
PAB	Microsoft Personal Address Book
PAK	Quake WAD file
PAL	Windows colour palette
PAT	Corel Draw pattern
PBK	Microsoft Phonebook
PBM	Portable Bitmap
PCD	Kodak Photo-CD image
PCL	HP Laserjet bitmap
PCS	PICS animation
PCT	Macintosh PICT drawing
PCX	ZSoft PC Paintbrush bitmap
PDF	Adobe Acrobat Portable Document Format or Netware Printer Definition File
PDF	Package Definition File from Microsoft Systems Management Server
PDQ	Patton&Patton Flowcharting PDQ Lite file
PFA	Type 1 font (ASCII)
PFB	Type 1 font (binary)
PFC	PF Component
PFM	Printer Font Metrics
PGL	HP Plotter drawing
PGM	Portable Graymap (bitmap)
PIC	PC Paint bitmap
PIC	Lotus picture
PIC	Macintosh PICT drawing
PIF	Program Information File
PIF	IBM PIF drawing
PIG	Lucas Arts Dark Forces WAD file
PIN	Epic Pinball data file
PIN	Epic Pinball data file
PIX	Inset Systems bitmap
PJ	MKS Source Integrity file
PKG	Microsoft Developer Studio application extension (similar to a DLL file)
PL	Perl program
PLT	HPGL Plotter drawing
PLT	AutoCAD Plot drawing
PM5	Pagemaker 5.0 file
PM6	Pagemaker 6.0 file
P65	Pagemaker 6.5 file
PNG	Portable Network Graphics bitmap
PNG	Paint Shop Pro Browser catalogue
PNT	MacPaint graphic file
POT	Microsoft PowerPoint Template
PP4	Picture Publisher 4 bitmap
PPA	Microsoft PowerPoint Add-in
PPM	Portable Pixelmap bitmap
PPS	Microsoft PowerPoint slide show
PPT	Microsoft PowerPoint presentation
PRE	Lotus Freelance presentation
PRF	Windows system file
PRN	Print Table (space delimited text)
PRS	Harvard Graphics for Windows presentation
PRZ	Lotus Freelance Graphics 97 file
PS	Postscript Interpreted drawing
PSD	Adobe Photoshop bitmap
PST	Microsoft Outlook Personal Folder File
PTM	Polytracker music module (MOD) file
PUB	Ventura Publisher publication
PUB	Microsoft Publisher document
PWD	Microsoft Pocket Word document
PWZ	Microsoft PowerPoint Wizard
PXL	Microsoft Pocket Excel spreadsheet

Q Top
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z No#

QAD	PF QuickArt Document
QBW	QuickBooks for Windows file
QDT	Quick Books data file from the Quicken UK Accountancy/Tax/Invoice program
QLB	Quick Library
QRY	Microsoft Query
QT	QuickTime Movie
QTM	QuickTime Movie
QXD	Quark XPress file

R Top
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z No#

R	Pegasus Mail resource file
RA	Real Audio sound
RAM	Real Audio sound
RAS	Sun Raster Images bitmap
RAW	Raw File Format (bitmap)
RC	Microsoft Visual C++ Resource Script
REC	Recorder macro
REG	Registration file
RES	Microsoft Visual C++ Resource
RFT	RFT-DCA
RLE	Run-Length Encoded bitmap
RM	Real Audio video file
RMI	MIDI music
ROV	Rescue Rover data file
RPT	Microsoft Visual Basic Crystal Reports file
RTF	Rich Text Format document
RTM	Real Tracker music module (MOD) file

S Top
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z No#

SAM	Ami Professional document
SAV	Saved game file
SCC	Microsoft Source Safe file
SCD	Matrix/Imapro SCODL slide image
SCD	Microsoft Schedule+ 7
SCH	Microsoft Schedule+ 1
SCN	trueSpace2 scene
SCP	Dial-Up Networking Script
SCR	Windows screensaver
SCR	Fax image
SCT	Scitex CT bitmap
SC2	Microsoft Schedule+ 7
SDL	SmartDraw library
SDR	SmartDraw drawing
SDT	SmartDraw template
SEA	Self-expanding archive (used by Stuffit for Mac files and possibly by others)
SEP	Tagged Image File Format (TIFF) bitmap
SHB	Corel Show presentation
SHB	Document shortcut file
SHG	Hotspot bitmap
SHS	Shell scrap file
SHW	Corel Show presentation
SIT	Stuffit archive of Mac files
SLK	Symbolic Link (SYLK) spreadsheet
SND	NeXT sound
SND	Mac Sound Resource
SQC	Structured Query Language (SQR) common code file
SQR	Structured Query Language (SQR) program file
STM	Scream Tracker music module (MOD) file
STY	Ventura Publisher style sheet
SVX	Amiga 8SVX sound
SYS	System file
S3M	Scream Tracker 3 music module (MOD) file

T Top
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z No#

TAR	Tape Archive
TAZ	Unix Gzip/Tape Archive
TEX	Texture file
TGA	Targa bitmap
TGZ	Unix Gzip/Tape Archive
THEME	Windows 95 Desktop Theme
THN	Graphics Workshop for Windows thumbnail
TIF	Tag Image File Format (TIFF) bitmap
TIFF	Tag Image File Format (TIFF) bitmap
TIG	Tiger file, used by US government to distribute maps
TLB	OLE Type Library
TMP	Windows temporary file
TRM	Terminal file
TRN	MKS Source Integrity project usage log
TTF	TrueType font
TWF	TabWorks file
TWW	Tagwrite Template
TX8	MS-DOS Text
TXT	Text
T2T	Sonata CAD modelling software file

U Top
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z No#

UDF	Windows NT Uniqueness Database File
ULT	Ultratracker music module (MOD) file
URL	Internet shortcut
USE	MKS Source Integrity file

V Top
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z No#

VBP	Visual Basic Project
VBW	Microsoft Visual Basic workspace
VBX	Visual Basic custom control
VCF	Vevi Configuration File; defines objects for use with Sense8's WorldToolKit
VDA	Targa bitmap
VI	Virtual Instrument file from National Instruments LABView product
VLB	Corel Ventura Library
VOC	Creative Labs Sound Blaster sound
VP	Ventura Publisher publication
VSD	Visio drawing (flow chart or schematic)
VST	Targa bitmap
VSW	Visio Workspace file
VXD	Microsoft Windows virtual device driver

W Top
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z No#

WAD	Large file for Doom game containing video, player level, and other information
WAV	Windows Waveform sound
WB1	QuattroPro for Windows spreadsheet
WB2	QuattroPro for Windows spreadsheet
WBK	Microsoft Word Backup
WBL	Argo WebLoad II upload file
WCM	WordPerfect Macro
WDB	Microsoft Works database
WEB	CorelXara Web document
WGP	Wild Board Games data file
WID	Ventura width table
WIL	WinImage file
WIZ	Microsoft Word Wizard
WK1	Lotus 123 versions 1 & 2 spreadsheet
WK3	Lotus 123 version 3 spreadsheet
WK4	Lotus 123 version 4 spreadsheet
WKS	Lotus 123 Worksheet spreadsheet
WKS	Microsoft Works document
WLF	Argo WebLoad I upload file
WLL	Microsoft Word Add-In
WMF	Windows Metafile
WOW	Grave Composer music module (MOD) file
WP	WordPerfect document
WPW	Novel PerfectWorks document
WP4	WordPerfect 4 document
WP5	WordPerfect 5 document
WP6	WordPerfect 6 document
WPD	WordPerfect Demo
WPD	WordPerfect Document
WPG	WordPerfect Graphic
WPS	Microsoft Works document
WPT	WordPerfect Template
WQ1	QuattroPro/DOS spreadsheet
WQ2	QuattroPro/DOS version 5 spreadsheet
WRI	Write document
WRL	Virtual Reality model
WS1	WordStar for Windows 1 document
WS2	WordStar for Windows 2 document
WS3	WordStar for Windows 3 document
WS4	WordStar for Windows 4 document
WS5	WordStar for Windows 5 document
WS6	WordStar for Windows 6 document
WS7	WordStar for Windows 7 document
WSD	WordStar 2000 document
WVL	Wavelet Compressed Bitmap

X Top
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z No#

XAR	Corel Xara drawing
XLA	Microsoft Excel add-in
XLB	Microsoft Excel toolbar
XLC	Microsoft Excel chart
XLD	Microsoft Excel dialogue
XLK	Microsoft Excel backup
XLM	Microsoft Excel macro
XLS	Microsoft Excel worksheet
XLT	Microsoft Excel template
XLV	Microsoft Excel VBA module
XLW	Microsoft Excel workbook / workspace
XM	FastTracker 2, Digital Tracker music module (MOD) file
XR1	Epic MegaGames Xargon data file
XTP	XTree data file
XY3	XYWrite III document
XY4	XYWrite IV document
XYP	XYWrite III Plus document
XYW	XYWrite for Windows 4.0 document

Y Top
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z No#

YAL	Arts & Letters clipart library
YBK	Microsoft Encarta Yearbook

Z Top
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z No#

Z	Unix Gzip
ZIP	Zip file
ZOO	An early compressed file format

Numbers and symbols Top
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z No#

000-999	Used to number old versions of files and number related data files
12M	Lotus 123 97 Smartmaster file
123	Lotus 123 97 file
2GR and 3GR	VGA Graphics driver/configuration files under Windows
386	A file for use in an 80386 or higher microprocessor
669	Composer 669, Unis Composer music mod file
#01 and higher	A method of numbering picture files for a roll of film that has been scanned
$$$	Used by OS/2 to keep track of archived files
@@@	Screen files used in the installation and instruction on use of applications

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Return to Ace Net Home Page

CFileDialog的bug

碧水蓝天 — Thu, 27 Jul 2006 10:39:00 GMT

一段打开文档的代码,前一段时间好好地,今天突然出问题了.Access violation 的异常,跟踪发现出在CFileDialog析构的时候.
测试环境：winxp pro + sp2;
编译：vc6.0+sp5;
void CTestFile::OnOpen()
{
  char szFilter[256] = {0};
  lstrcpy(szFilter, "WMV File (*.wmv)|*.wmv|");
  lstrcat(szFilter, "媒体文件 (媒体类型)|*.wmv;*.avi;*.mpeg;*.mpg;*.asf||");

CFileDialog dlg(TRUE, NULL, NULL, OFN_PATHMUSTEXIST | OFN_HIDEREADONLY, szFilter, this);
if(dlg.DoModal() == IDOK)
{
}
}
搞了好久,才找到原因,就是因为在stdafx.h中加了下面的两个宏;
#define WINVER 0x0500
#define _WIN32_WINNT 0x0500
去掉这两个宏的话,没问题.
如果非要用高版本的platform sdk的话,下面的方法也是一个解决办法.

void CTestFile::OnOpen()
{
char szFilter[256] = {0};
lstrcpy(szFilter, "WMV File (*.wmv)|*.wmv|");
lstrcat(szFilter, "媒体文件 (媒体类型)|*.wmv;*.avi;*.mpeg;*.mpg;*.asf||");

CFileDialog *pFileDlg = new CFileDialog(TRUE, NULL, NULL, OFN_PATHMUSTEXIST | OFN_HIDEREADONLY, szFilter, this);
if(pFileDlg)
{
     pFileDlg->DoModal();
     delete pFileDlg;
     pFileDlg = NULL;
}
}

桌面切换

碧水蓝天 — Fri, 16 Jun 2006 07:10:00 GMT

作者:碧水蓝天
http://blog.vckbase.com/bluesky

在写服务程序中可能涉及到桌面切换的问题.要在用户登陆之前服务程序要与winlogo桌面交互,这个时候可能就需要进行桌面切换的动作.比如在winlogo桌面显示一个MessageBox或着接收模拟鼠标的输入.
下面是一段在能够在winlogo桌面显示MessageBox的代码:
void CMyService::Run()
{
    while (m_bIsRunning)
{
   HDESK hDesktop;
  HDESK hDeskSave;
  HWINSTA hwinstaSave;
  HWINSTA hwistaNew;
  char pvInfo[128] = {0};
  DWORD dwLen;
  BOOL bNeedSwitch = FALSE;
  HDESK hActiveDesktop;
  hActiveDesktop = OpenInputDesktop(DF_ALLOWOTHERACCOUNTHOOK, FALSE, MAXIMUM_ALLOWED);
  GetUserObjectInformation(hActiveDesktop, UOI_NAME, pvInfo, sizeof(pvInfo), &dwLen);
  if(lstrcmp(pvInfo, "Winlogon") == 0)
  {
   bNeedSwitch = TRUE;
  }
  if(bNeedSwitch)
  {
   hwinstaSave = GetProcessWindowStation();
   DWORD dwThreadId = GetCurrentThreadId();
   hDeskSave = GetThreadDesktop(dwThreadId);
   hwistaNew = OpenWindowStation("WinSta0", FALSE, MAXIMUM_ALLOWED);
   BOOL bRet = SetProcessWindowStation(hwistaNew);
   hDesktop = OpenDesktop("Winlogon", 0, FALSE, MAXIMUM_ALLOWED);
   if(hDesktop)
   {
    bRet = SetThreadDesktop(hDesktop);
   }
  MessageBox(NULL, "Hello", "桌面切换测试", MB_OK);
  if(bNeedSwitch)
  {
   SetProcessWindowStation(hwinstaSave);
   SetThreadDesktop(hDeskSave);
   CloseDesktop(hDesktop);
   CloseWindowStation(hwistaNew);
  }
  CloseDesktop(hActiveDesktop);
Sleep(5000);
}
}

什么是用户界面设计(Zt)?

碧水蓝天 — Fri, 16 Jun 2006 01:40:00 GMT

(作者:袁小伟来自：中国UI设计网)

　在人和机器的互动过程（Human Machine Interaction）中，有一个层面，即我们所说的界面（interface）。从心理学意义来分，界面可分为感觉（视觉、触觉、听觉等）和情感两个层次。用户界面设计是屏幕产品的重要组成部分。界面设计是一个复杂的有不同学科参与的工程，认知心理学、设计学、语言学等在此都扮演着重要的角色。用户界面设计的三大原则是：置界面于用户的控制之下；减少用户的记忆负担；保持界面的一致性。

用户界面设计在工作流程上分为结构设计、交互设计、视觉设计三个部分。

结构设计　Structure Design
　　结构设计也成概念设计（Conceptual Design），是界面设计的骨架。通过对用户研究和任务分析，制定出产品的整体架构。基于纸质的的低保真原型（Paper Prototype）可提供用户测试并进行完善。在结构设计中，目录体系的逻辑分类和语词定义是用户易于理解和操作的重要前提。如西门子手机的设置闹钟的词条是“重要记事”，让用户很难找到。
交互设计 Interactive Design
　　交互设计的目的是使产品让用户能简单使用。任何产品功能的实现都是通过人和机器的交互来完成的。因此，人的因素应作为设计的核心被体现出来。交互设计的原则如下：

　　1)　有清楚的错误提示。误操作后，系统提供有针对性的提示。
　　2) 让用户控制界面。“下一步”、“完成”，面对不同层次提供多种选择，给不同层次的用户提供多种可能性。
　　3) 允许兼用鼠标和键盘。同一种功能，同时可以用鼠标和键盘。提供多种可能性。
　　4) 允许工作中断。例如用手机写新短信的时候，收到短信或电话，完成后回来仍能够找到刚才正写的新短信。
　　5) 使用用户的语言，而非技术的语言。
　　6) 提供快速反馈。给用户心理上的暗示，避免用户焦急。
　　7) 方便退出。如手机的退出，是按一个键完全退出，还是一层一层的退出。提供两种可能性。
　　8）导航功能。随时转移功能，很容易从一个功能跳到另外一个功能。
　　9）让用户知道自己当前的位置，使其做出下一步行动的决定。

视觉设计　Visual Design
在结构设计的基础上，参照目标群体的心理模型和任务达成进行视觉设计。包括色彩、字体、页面等。视觉设计要达到用户愉悦使用的目的。视觉设计的原则如下：

　　1）界面清晰明了。允许用户定制界面。
　　2）减少短期记忆的负担。让计算机帮助记忆，例：User Name,、Password、IE进入界面地址可以让机器记住。
　　3）依赖认知而非记忆。如打印图标的记忆、下拉菜单列表中的选择
　　4）提供视觉线索。图形符号的视觉的刺激；GUI（图形界面设计）：Where, What, Next Step
　　5）提供默认（default）、撤销（undo）、恢复（redo）的功能
　　6）提供界面的快捷方式
　　7）尽量使用真实世界的比喻。如：电话、打印机的图标设计，尊重用户以往的使用经验。
　　8）完善视觉的清晰度。条理清晰；图片、文字的布局和隐喻不要让用户去猜。
　　9）界面的协调一致。如手机界面按钮排放，左键肯定；右键否定；或按内容摆放。
　　10）同样功能用同样的图形。
　　11）色彩与内容。整体软件不超过5个色系，尽量少用红色、绿色。近似的颜色表示近似的意思。

　西门子6688：“确定”按键设计的不一致性

　　用户界面设计构筑了产品设计的基础。如只有首先确定了手机菜单的交互形式，才能在造型设计上决定是采用五项键或上下键。

　　在国外，用户界面设计人员有了一个新的称谓：Information Architecture,信息建筑师。它不仅仅是指美工，而是具有心理学、软件工程学、设计学等综合知识的人。

"线程安全"

碧水蓝天 — Tue, 14 Feb 2006 00:45:00 GMT

以前常听高手告诫MFC对象不要跨线程使用，因为MFC不是线程安全的。比如CWnd对象不要跨线程使用,可以用窗口句柄（HWND）代替。CSocket/CAsyncSocket对象不要跨线程使用,用SOCKET句柄代替.那么什么是线程安全?什么时候需要考虑?我的看法是,如果程序涉及到多线程的话，就应该考虑线程安全问题。比如说设计的接口，将来需要在多线程环境中使用，或者需要跨线程使用某个对象时，这个就必须考虑了。关于线程安全也没什么权威定义。在这里我说说我的理解：所提供的接口对于线程来说是原子操作或者多个线程之间的切换不会导致该接口的执行结果存在二义性,也就是说我们不用考虑同步的问题。
一般而言“线程安全”由多线程对共享资源的访问引起。如果调用某个接口时需要我们自己采取同步措施来保护该接口访问的共享资源,则这样的接口不是线程安全的.MFC和STL都不是线程安全的. 怎样才能设计出线程安全的类或者接口呢?如果接口中访问的数据都属于私有数据,那么这样的接口是线程安全的.或者几个接口对共享数据都是只读操作,那么这样的接口也是线程安全的.如果多个接口之间有共享数据,而且有读有写的话,如果设计者自己采取了同步措施保护共享资源，调用者不需要考虑数据同步问题，则这样的接口是线程安全的，否则不是线程安全的。

Getting Started Writing Windows Drivers (转自http://www.osronline.com)

碧水蓝天 — Mon, 13 Feb 2006 03:58:00 GMT

BACKGROUND

What Are Some Of The Key Concepts In Operating Systems and Computer Science That I Need To Understand Before Learning To Write Drivers?

You need to understand some basics about operating systems and devices before you can learn to write drivers. Here's a list of things you should know:

The difference between wait locks versus spin locks, and why spin locks might be used in an Operating System
Threads and processes: What these are in the Windows world versus the Unix world
What we mean by "thread safe", fully re-entrant, and MP safe
Processor modes -- What's the difference between Ring 0 and Ring 3 in an x86 architecture system
Memory management - User mode, versus Kernel Mode. What we mean by "demand paged virtual memory"
What are multiple, nested, interrupt levels
The difference between I/O port space and memory space
Something about how devices work: What a device register looks like, why/when devices interrupt
The definition of "direct memory access" (DMA) and the basic differences between DMA and programmed I/O relevant to a driver

What Are The Most Important Things To Know Abour Writing Drivers?

Listen to me now, and listen closely: You absolutely cannot write a WDM driver without understanding the basic architecture concepts of the operating system. This means that you must understand threading, serialization and synchronization, IRQLs, the basic objects used in the I/O subsystem (driver, device, etc), and the general flow of an I/O request through the system. Writing drivers is not like writing most applications; you absolutely cannot just find a sample and start hacking away at it to make it do what you want. It simply won't work. You have to put the work in up front to get a basic clue, or you'll be condemned to having problem after problem with no idea of how to fix what you've done.

So, you need to learn something about Windows operating sytem architecture. This means, at the very least, you need to read Inside Windows whatever-is-the-most-recent-version. You also need to read the Getting Started With Windows Drivers section of the DDK, and please, please, please, try to read as much as you can stomach of the Kernel-Mode Driver Architecture Design Guide in the DDK. There's a ton of good information in there, and while it isn't much fun to read, it'll be good for you in the end and you'll be very happy you did it.

Trust me on this one. There are very few shortcuts. Learn about the O/S. Then start to learn about how to write drivers.

How Do I Learn How To Write A Driver for Windows?

If you've written drivers for VMS or one of the many UNIX variants, and you're familiar with NT O/S concepts, you might be able to learn what you need to know by reading the documentation provided with the Windows Driver Development Kit (DDK). Get the most recent version of the DDK (see later question), and read the section entitled Getting Started with Windows Drivers. This documentation is surprising good, and covers a very broad range of topics. This is particularly true of the DDK starting with Windows XP.

If you're new to drivers, or if tackling the DDK straight off seems like a bit more than you want to handle, you can augment your sources with some of the technical books that are available. We recommend:

Inside Microsoft Windows 2000, 3rd Edition, by Solomon and Russinovich, Microsoft Press. Good overall introduction to Windows o/s architecture.
Windows NT Device Driver Development, by Viscarola and Mason, published by New Riders. Written by OSR's consulting partners, this book contains the details about the NT I/O subsystem. The only disadvantage of this book is that it was written in the NT V4 timeframe, before Win2K and therefore before the introduction of Plug and Play support. No matter, it's still the most solid architectural reference around. (And what's more, you can order this book directly through the OSR Online Store.)
Programming the Microsoft Windows Driver Model, by Walter Oney. This is a solid book that covers the details of Plug and Play.

Probably the best way to come up to speed on Windows drivers fast is to take a seminar on the topic. Don't be too quick to dismiss this option, even if you consider yourself pretty smart. Sure, it costs some money. But NT drivers are both complicated and confusing enough that it can be extremely helpful to have somebody brain-dump you with just the required information. Also, if the person teaching the class has real hands-on knowledge, they can probably save you lots of time by helping you avoid some of the better-known "gotchas" that lurk in this space.

If you do opt to take a seminar, do not take one from a "local" company. There are three seminar companies to consider that offer seminars world-wide: OSR, Azius, and OneySoft. Each of these companies offer either lecture-only or lecture-plus-lab seminars, lasting from three days to a week in duration. Almost nobody (even experienced NT driver writers) takes one of these seminars and says it was a waste of time.

TOOLS OF THE TRADE

What Tools Do I Need To Write Windows Drivers?

Starting with the Windows XP DDK and later, the DDK contains everything you need. You can use this DDK to build drivers for Windows 2000 and forward. It has the compiler, header files, and everything else. Because of licensing issues, you cannot download this DDK from the web unless you are an MSDN subscriber (in which case you download it from the MSDN site). However, you can get Microsoft to send you the DDK on CD, for nothing more than shipping and handling changes. Check out http://www.microsoft.com/ddk/ for more information. The XP DDK is also part of MSDN.

If you still need to develop drivers for Windows NT V4.0, you'll need the NT V4.0 DDK, MSVC++ and the platform SDK.

Do I have to use Microsoft's Compiler?

Face it: There is very little that you really have to do in this world, besides breathe and die. Strictly speaking, you do not have to use the MS VC++ compiler. A few brave souls over the past years have used other compilers. But trying to use another compiler is best described as an exquisitely painful exercise. The DDK header files use a significant number of Microsoft specific features (such as language extensions, pragmas, and the like). Writing drivers is hard enough. Trying to write drivers using something other than the Microsoft compiler is really not something that you want to try.

What Language Can I Write Drivers In?

You write drivers for Windows in either C or C++. Support for using C++ is tenuous (click here to download an interesting paper on this topic written by one of the Microsoft kernel devs), but it can be done. Don't even think about trying to use another language. All the functions and data types are only defined in C/C++ header files. There are no assembly language definitions provided, so you can't use assembly language, either.

Further, it seems that the Microsoft Visual C++ compiler is a lot more rigorous in terms of catching ordinary errors than the MSVC compiler. So, even though it's probably best for most people to write drivers in "plain C", it's also probably a good idea to name your files *.cpp, to gain the added rigor that the C++ compiler provides.

What Debuggers Can Be Used for Driver Debugging?

WinDbg, Microsoft's standard kernel mode debugger, comes with the DDK. You can also download the latest version from here. In general, WinDbg is a powerful and reliable tool.

If you're just starting out in the world of drivers, you probably should use WinDbg. You'll hear lots of whining and carping about WinDbg from some of the "old hands" that have been doing NT driver development for years. While WinDbg is quite reliable now, this has not always been the case.

An alternative to using WinDbg is the use of Compuware's NuMega Labs SoftICE. This debugger gained fame for its speed and reliability debugging Windows 95 drivers. Even under Windows, SoftICE has a loyal developer following.

Whichever debugger you choose, be sure to read the documentation. WinDbg, especially, has very considerable documentation that describes everything from how to set up the debugger to how to configure its many features.

What Testing Tools Are Available?

The Windows operating system contains the most powerful testing tool available, Driver Verifier.

Driver Verifier is available starting with Windows 2000. Its features are very much enhanced in Windows XP and later releases.

Driver Verifier (usually, referred to as just "Verifier") comprises special set of modules in the operating system that carefully monitor the execution of specific drivers. If Verifier detects an inconsistency, or any incorrect operation, it will display a diagnostic message in the debugger and then crash the system.

Driver Verifier is setup and controlled using the utility verifier.exe, located in the Windows system directory. Using verifier.exe, you can configure Driver Verifier to monitor specific drivers (such as a driver that you are writing) for problems.

Driver Verifier is best when it's used throughout your entire debugging process. That is, you should always have Verifier enabled for your driver on your test machine. As you go through the process of adding functionality to or modifying your driver, Driver Verifier will be there to watch your driver's actions.

It's important to realize that Driver Verifier is essentially a passive monitor. That means that while it might occasionally modify the information sent to your driver, it mostly just watches what your driver does. Driver Verifier itself is not a tester. It doesn't send any I/O requests to your driver. Therefore, in order to make use of Driver Verifier, you will have to send the broadest range of both valid and invalid I/O requests to your driver. This will allow Driver Verifier to monitor your driver's behavior in the broadest possible set of conditions.

Are There Other Test Tools, Besides Verifier?

Absolutely. Check the \tools directory in the DDK. With each new release of the DDK, more tools are added. Some of these tools are exceptionally powerful and useful. For starters, check out DC2 (called "device path exerciser" in the DDK documentation). We may provide a more comprehensive list later, if we get to it.

In the mean time, look into "Call Usage Verifier" (CUV) and deprecated function checking, both described in the DDK. Strictly speaking, these aren't test tools; but then again, neither is Driver Verifier.

How Do I Get Started Using The DDK?

Install the DDK on your development machine. Note that drivers are built from the command line using the BUILD utility, not from Visual Stuido (though, if you really want to, you can invoke BUILD from within Visual Studio... see the OSR Online article here for how to do this and operationally download the command procedure that will help you do this). You run the BUILD utility from a command prompt window that's been started through the shortcut menus that the DDK installs on your system. Go to Start->Programs->Development Kits->Windows DDK->Build Environments and choose a target build environment. If you don't know which build environment to target, choose the most recent version of Windows. Be sure to read about the build environment and the build utility buried in the DDK documentation under the topic Driver Development Tools, Tools For Building Drivers, Build.

Where Can I Get The Latest DDK?

If you're an MSDN subscriber, you can log in and download the latest Windows DDK from Microsoft's MSDN Website. If you are not an MSDN subscriber, you can visit Microsoft's DDK site and request that Microsoft send you a free copy of the DDK on CD, however you will have to pay a nominal fee for shipping and handling (this was US$15 for shipping within the USA when this FAQ was last updated).

What's This Checked Build Stuff?

Windows comes in two basic flavors: (a) The normal distribution kit that everybody uses, and (b) A special build that has debugging information in it. The build with debugging information is for use by driver writers, and for diagnosing serious system problems. This debug build is called the "Checked Build."

See the XP DDK's Getting Started section, Guide to Using the Free and Checked Builds, for a full run-down on what the checked build is, where you get it, and how to best make use of it.

CREATING YOUR DRIVER

There Are Many Different Driver Models -- How Do I Know What KIND Of Driver I Should Write?

This is a much harder question than it might at first appear. Basically, get the latest DDK. Look at the Table of Contents. It has a list of major sections, one per class of device. For example, the DDK that I'm looking at as I write this has:

Battery Devices

Display and Print Devices

IEEE 1284.4 Devices

Modem Devices

Multifunction Devices

Network Devices

Parallel Ports and Devices

Serial Ports and Devices

Smart Card Devices

Storage Devices

Streaming Devices (Video and Audio)

Other Devices

System Support For Buses

If your device type doesn't jump out at you right away above, be sure to look under "System Support for Buses." If you need to support, for example, a SCSI adapter, that's where you'd look.

If your device falls into one of the categories described (not including "Other Devices"), you're all set. This is good, because Windows provides shortcut models for writing drivers for common types of adapters (some of these shortcut approaches are called "mini-drivers" or "mini-ports"). Unless you need to do something very unusual, you can save a ton of time using one of these custom-tailored driver environments.

On the other hand, maybe you're trying to write a device driver for a battleship or something that's not in the list. In this case, you'll be writing what's known as a "Standard Kernel Mode Driver." Refer to the DDK section named "Kernel-Mode Driver Architecture" and go from there. This is also the type of driver that you'd write if, for some strange reason, you can't use the typical mini-port or mini-driver model for a well-known device type.

Where Can I Get Driver Samples?

The DDK is a good place to start. There are a bunch of example drivers that are provided, under the src directory. These drivers are often the source code for the actual drivers that ship with the operating system. The DDK's license specifically allows you to start with these drivers as a base for your own driver, so go for it.

If you take a seminar, especially a lab seminar, you'll undoubtedly walk away with one or more sample drivers.

If you don't see a sample that's similar to the type of driver you need to write, ask one of the sources listed in "Where Do I Get Help."

How Do I Start Cranking Code?

Get the source code sample driver for a device of similar type to the one that you need to support. Assuming your license allows it, start by modifying this driver.

After I Write It, How Do I Install It?

You'll need to create an installation control file (AKA a ".inf file") to get your driver installed in the system. The .INF file is used by the setup program, which is invoked from the "Add/Remove Hardware" option in Control Panel. Yes, even if you're writing a driver that isn't directly associated with any hardware, it's still installed from "Add/Remove Hardware." Of course, if you want to get really fancy, you could write an attractive GUI program that invokes your .INF file to do the installation.

What Is WDM? WDF?

WDM stands for Windows Driver Model. There's been a number of changes in the meaning of this term over the years, so almost everybody is confused about exactly what it means. However, as of Windows XP, WDM is the "forward moving" model by which drivers are built.

Note that there is also a new, emerging way to write Windows drivers called the Windows Driver Foundation (WDF). This Microsoft-developed solution comprises a User-Mode Framework and a Kernel-Mode Framework. It is much cleaner, and easier to understand, than WDM. As of the date of this writing (Nov 2004) these Frameworks were not yet formally released by Microsoft. When they are released, you will want to use WDF to write your drivers, not WDM.

Do I Include WDM.H or NTDDK.H?

You want to include WDM.H. Though the definition has changed over the years, this header contains all the definitions for the Windows Driver Model. WDM is the "forward moving" model by which drivers are built. If it's not in WDM, it's probably a legacy driver type or function, and you should probably stay away from it.

I Want to Change The Way A Standard Driver Works - Can I Modify The DDK Sample and Just Replace The Standard Windows Driver?

No! A million times no. This causes nothing but trouble. Plus, Windows File Protection (otherwise known as System File Protection) will probably "get" you in the end (see related questions).

The right way to modify the behavior of a standard Windows driver is to write a filter driver. This driver can sit either above or below the standard driver, and modify its behavior. You can even use this approach to provide additional functionality.

What Is Windows File Protection?

This is also called System File Protection. It is the mechanism by which Windows ensures that standard system files (files in %systemroot% and below) are not modified. If you attempt to delete or change one of the files in your Windows system directory, such as a standard driver or standard DLL, Windows File Protection will simply overwrite your changed file with the original. It's very effective. Microsoft does not allow you to turn it off on your customers' machines, so forget about it.

SUPPORT CONSIDERATIONS

Do I Have To Support PnP In My Driver?

If you're writing a driver for Windows 2000 or later, the answer is (effectively) "YES." There are some weird types of drivers that strictly speaking do not fall into the Plug and Play category (like file systems, or some specific pseudo drivers), but in general your driver has to support PnP.

Do I Have To Support PnP, Even If My Device Can Never Be Removed From The System?

Yes. PnP is the basic process by which Win2K and later finds devices.

Can I Write My Driver First, and Add PnP Later?

The only real answer to this question is "no." You could do it, but it would make things harder than just implementing PnP in the first place. Sorry, the bottom line is you have to implement PnP.

Do I Have To Support Power Management In My Driver?

Strictly speaking, no, but you want to. Really. The reason is that if your driver does not support power management, the entire system on which your driver is running will not support power management. Worse, if the system tries to suspend, and it can't because your driver doesn't support power management, a little message box pops up saying something like "Attempt to suspend failed because the xyz driver does not support power management." So, Windows shames you into needing to support power management, even if you weren't so inclined out of the goodness of your heart.

GETTING HELP

Where Can I Get Help?

You mean where can you get free help, right? If you subscribe to MSDN, you automatically get the privilege of calling DDK Developer Support once or twice with problems. These folks are generally very helpful. Do not expect them to write your driver for you, however.

There are a surprising number of peer help forums. Check out the NTDEV (for driver developers), NTFSD (for file system developers), and WINDBG (for WinDbg debugger users) lists here at OSR Online. You must subscribe to contribute. Note that you can choose to join these groups either as traditional list server mailing lists, online or as private usenet news groups. To do the latter, point your news reader to lists.osr.com. You will be required to log in to these groups by providing your username and password (that you specified when you joined) in order to post to the group.

Another fairly good usenet news group is comps.os.ms-windows.programmer.nt.kernel-mode.

The people in all of these forums are generally very helpful. Surprisingly often, the MS support folks or developers informally answer questions on all these lists. All the lists expect you to do your homework: Check the DDK documentation and the Microsoft Knowledge Base, and be sure to read the group archives before asking your question. Don't expect people in these groups to write your driver for you.

A very useful publication is The NT Insider, published every two months by OSR. One of the best things about it is that it's free. Visit http://www.osr.com/ for your free subscription.

Suppose I Want To Pay for Help?

One option is per-incident support from Microsoft's DDK Developer Support group. It's relatively inexpensive, and the support people are typically very helpful and know what they're doing.

There are also a significant number of companies that provide services ranging from per-incident consulting to per-project design/build/test pricing. The costs range from pretty inexpensive to stratospheric, depending on whom you choose. In general (assuming you want to write the driver yourself), we advise you to first exhaust the (free) peer-support options and all possibility of help from Microsoft DDK Developer Support before even considering paying anybody else for assistance.

Question any company carefully as to their real hands-on skills and experience in your specific type of driver before forking over your money. Don't pay somebody who develops printer drivers for a living to help you with your driver for a mass storage device. These two types of drivers have fundamentally nothing in common. On the other hand, don't engage a high-end expert firm to help you with your garden variety simple driver. This is a bit like taking your Ford to a Ferrari mechanic for a tune up. He can do it, but you'll wind up paying Ferrari prices.

如何让你的程序避开全局键盘钩子的监视

碧水蓝天 — Fri, 09 Dec 2005 02:33:00 GMT

一直以来有个疑问,就是如果别人在你的电脑上安装了键盘钩子来监视你的键盘按键动作,我的程序怎么才能避开这些全局键盘钩子(system-wide hook)的监视.正好最近一段时间因为工作关系在研究钩子,顺便研究了一下这个问题,今天算是找到了一个解决办法.
解决办法:
在我的程序中安装一个局部键盘钩子(thread-specified hook),键盘钩子函数中不调用CallNextHookEx;
原理:
1.钩子链可以被破坏.同一类型的钩子会形成一个链,假如先被调用的钩子没有调用CallNextHookEx的话,后面的钩子将得不到调用.
2.对于某个特定的线程,如果既安装了线程钩子又安装了系统钩子，则线程钩子先于系统钩子被调用.
实验:
键盘钩子(WH_KEYBOARD)
我写了个简单的对话框程序,部分代码如下:
1.先声明钩子HHOOK gHook = NULL;
2.键盘钩子函数:
LRESULT CALLBACK KeyboardProc(int nCode,WPARAM wParam,LPARAM lParam)
{
MessageBox(AfxGetMainWnd()->GetSafeHwnd(), "Thread hook", "keyboard", MB_OK);
return 0;
//return CallNextHookEx(gHook, nCode, wParam, lParam);
}
3.安装钩子:
DWORD nThreadid = GetCurrentThreadId();
gHook = SetWindowsHookEx(WH_KEYBOARD, KeyboardProc, AfxGetApp()->m_hInstance, nThreadid);
if(gHook == NULL)
{
AfxMessageBox("Install Keyboard Hook Failed", MB_OK);
}
4.卸载钩子
BOOL ret = UnhookWindowsHookEx(gHook);
实验方法及结果如下:
1.先启动另一个程序,安装系统键盘钩子,再启动我的程序,安装局部键盘钩子,实验结果表明系统钩子对我的程序无效.
2.先启动我的程序,安装局部键盘钩子,再启动另一个程序,安装系统键盘钩子.在我的程序中系统键盘钩子无效.

前++和后++运算符的重载

碧水蓝天的Blog — Fri, 04 Nov 2005 00:47:00 GMT

前段时间在一次面试过程中问到了这个问题,当时没有回答出来,回来后查了一下资料.示列代码如下:
class Integer
{
private:
long i;
public:
friend const Integer operator++(Integer & a,int);//在对象后
friend Integer & operator++(Integer & a);//在对象前
};

//重载后++,其使用的是by value方式,与前++相比,多了个int参数,这个参数在函数中不用到,且在调用时不
//用写出来
const Integer operator++(Integer & a,int)
{
Integer before(a);
a.i++;
return before;
};
//重载前++,其使用的是by reference方式
Integer & operator++(Integer & a)
{
a.i++;
return a;
};
main()
{
Integer a;
Integer b;
Integer c;
b = a++;
c = ++a;
return 0;
}
//不对之处,请指正